Praxis II: Music: Content and Instruction (5114)

Episode

Passage that does not state the principal subject (esp in Fugue)

Exposition

Section in which subject(s) are announced. In Fugue, Sonata, Concerto.

Fugue

Composition or Section in which subject is answered or repeated by several parts.

Hocket

Splitting up a melodic line between two voices

Leitmotif

Musical theme/motive assoc. w a person, thing, emotion or idea in a drama

Monody

Accompanied solo song

Motet

Polyphonic vocal composition, sacred text

Passacaglia

Pattern of pitches serving as a foundation for harmony.

Partita

Single variation of a theme, set of such variations.

Recapitulation

Section of a movement in which the subjects announced in the exposition are reviewed

Renaissance

1450-1600; rebirth of secular musical activity/ideals of antiquity.

Ripieno

Tutti as opposed to solo

Rondeau

ABaAabAB; one of Formes Fixes

Sarabande

Slow dance in triple meter often emphasizing the second beat

Sonata

To be played on one or more instruments; Work in several mvts for one or two solo instruments

Sonata form

Used mostly in first mvts; Exposition - Development - Recapitulation

Stretto

Imitation of a subject at a close time-interval

Tetrachord

Scale of 4 notes spanning a fourth (Greek/Medieval); Set of four pitches (Modern)

Toccata

Introductory improvised instrumental piece

Triplum

Second part in early polyphony, set against a Tenor and Duplum

Abgesang

Bar Form - Song form in which first melodic component is sung 2x w/different texts (Stollen); the remainder (Abgesang) is sung once

Ad Libitum

Details of execution left to discretion of the performer

Aggregate

Unordered set of pitch classes of the chromatic scale

Air

1. Tune

2. Tuneful song in Fr. stage work

3. Eng., Fr. art song w/lute or violin accompaniment

Air de cour

French monodic song

Aleatory

Deliberately leaving choice of pitches, rhythmic values or order of events to chance.

Ambitus

Pitch range of a mode or plainchant

Antiphonal

One group answers the other, perf. method

Archlute

Lute w/extra peg box for long bass strings tuned diatonically. Theorbo

Aria

1. Tune for singing poetry

2. Songful monologue or duet in an opera

Baroque

1. Bizarre, extravagant

2. 1600-1750

Basse Danse

Family of dances (duple + triple) whose music was often improvised over a tenor cantus firmus

Cadenza

Improvised passage usually placed just before the end of a piece or section

Camerata

Intellectuals and amateurs of arts that met in Florence at the home of Giovanni Bardi (1570-80)

Cantata

1. Composition for solo voice with recitatives and arias

2. Sacred concerto

Chorale prelude

Organ arr. of a chorale played before the congregation sings it

Classical

1750-1825

Concertino

Ensemble w/a few solo instruments

Concerto grosso

Tutti or ripieno - the full orchestra in a concerto

Counterpoint

Artful combination of 2+ simultaneous melodic lines

Courante

Fluent dance in moderate triple meter

Development

Process or section in which a subject is taken apart combined with other ideas and reworked

Discant

1. Treble part

2.improvised or written polyphony in which voices move @ same speed

Dodecaphonic

Composition w/12-tone rows

Duplum

Voice part in early polyphony set against a tenor

Phrase

The shortest passage of music which, having reached a point of relative repose, has expressed a more or less complete musical thought

Jete

Ricochet; bow "thrown" on string so it will bounce

Spiccato

Conscious spiccato: slower tempo, player makes bow 'spring'

Spontaneous spiccato: fast tempo, soft dynamics. Short, quick up/down motion by wrist -> bow bounces

Martele

To hammer. Usually performed toward the frog. Fast, well-articulated stroke resembling a sfz.

Staccato

Short separate strokes

Loure

'Pique'

Legato stroke. Dashes under notes w/slurs used to designate the bow changes

Detache

Basic stroke on all bowed string instruments. It changes direction each note.

Soprano

Range: C4 - C6 (high C)

Mezzo soprano

Range: A4 - A6

Contra alto

Range: F3 - F5

Tenor

Range: C3 - C5

Baritone

Range: F2 - F4

Bass

Range: E2 - E4

Portamento

Glissando in vocal music

Trombone, Position VII

E

Trombone, Position VI

F

Trombone, Position V

Gb

Trombone, Position IV

G

Trombone, Position III

Ab

Trombone, Position II

A

Trombone, Position I

Bb

Trumpet, 3rd Valve

1 + 1/2 steps

Trumpet, 2nd Valve

1/2 step

4th Valve

2 1/2 steps

Trumpet, 1st Valve

1 step

Classes

I - Tonic

ii - Supertonic

iii - Mediant

IV - Subdominant

V - Dominant

vi - Submediant

vii - Leading Tone

Steps of Conducting

1. Preparation

2. Ictus

3. Rebound

4. Penultimate beat placement

5. Final beat placement

Baroque: Dates

1600 - 1750

Baroque: Musical Characteristics

Decorative, filled w/ornaments, few dynamic markings

Baroque: Composers

Vivaldi, Handel, Bach, Pachelbel

Classical: Dates

1750 - 1825

Classical: Musical Characteristics

Reserved, intellectual, rational-sounding. Controlled compositions. Great growth in string section.

Classical: Composers

Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Mendelssohn

Classical: Orchestra Size

30 - 50; Marked increase in # of string players.

Romantic: Dates

1825 - 1900

Romantic: Musical Characteristics

Conveyed feeling, programmatic, used nature for inspiration, Nationalistic, incorporation of folk tunes.

Romantic: Composers

Weber, Chopin, Brahms, Dvorak, Grieg, Tchiakovsky

Modern: Dates

1900 - Present

Modern: Characteristics

Unconventional sources of inspiration; broke molds of traditional harmony.

Modern: Composers

Debussy, Ravel, Stravinsky, Prokofiev, Copland, Gershwin

Horn

It. - Corno

Fr. - Cor

Ger. - Horn

Trumpet (tr. or tpt.)

It. - Tromba

Fr. - Trompette

Ger. - Trompete

Trombone (trb. or tbn.)

It. - Trombone

Fr. - Trombone

Ger. - Posaune

Tuba (t.)

It. - Tuba

Fr. - Tuba

Ger. - Tuba

Strings

It. - Archi

Fr. - Cordes

Ger. - Streichinstrumente

Violin (vl.)

It. - Violino

Fr. - Violon

Ger. - Violine or Geige

Viola (vla.)

It. - Viola

Fr. - Alto

Ger. - Bratsche

Violoncello (vlc.)

It. - Violoncello

Fr. - Violoncelle

Ger. - Violoncell

Double Bass (d.b.)

It. - Contrabasso

Fr. - Contrabasse

Ger. - Kontrabass

Harp

It. - Arpa

Fr. - Harpe

Ger. - Harfe

Nestico

Band Arranger

Bocook

Band Composer & Arranger

Dackow

String Arranger/Orchestral Arranger

Eilers

Choral Arranger

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Gardner; Differentiates intelligence into specific modalities:

- musical-rhythmic, visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic; Little evidence by way of studies to support model.