concepts based on readings

Privileged Poor

Low income students who attended wealthy, private primary and secondary schools. These students often found those schools through programs that seek out low income students with academic potential and provide them with training and placement at wealthy, private schools. They are used to wealth, used to Whites, used to interacting with faculty members.

Doubly disadvantaged

Low income students who attended primary and secondary schools in low income areas. They are not used to wealth, used to Whites, used to interacting with faculty members.

No-loan financial aid

financial aid policies that do not offer loans that must be repaid, but provide a mix of fellowships, scholarships, grants, and work study

Autoethnography (Jack)

Immersing yourself into environment of what you are researching. Studying low income students at Harvard, goes to Harvard to study students

Mesearch (Jack)

rooted in a scholar’s personal story or experience

Mesearch example

The Privileged poor book

Justice (Rawls)

argues that a society is just when it follows the two principles: Liberty and the difference.

Liberty Principle (Rawls justice)

Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all" - everyone gets same thing

The Difference Principle (Rawls justice)

Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both: (a) to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged and (b) attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity. - greatest benefit goes to least advantage, people of power should be open to all people, race gender religion run for office or be a prof

The Original Position/veil of ignorance

argues that they only way to determine a just society is to ask individuals to construct a society without knowing their place in it. Since they have an equal opportunity to end up in any social position, self-interested individuals will try to provide a good quality of life for the most disadvantaged

Rawlsian perspective

The person who slices the cake chooses last

Schooling Goods

personal development, schooling environment

schooling goods example

basic socializing, how to work in groups, conflict(resolution), bodily space, bullying, boundaries, when to contribute, respect

Educational Goods

knowledge, skills, attitudes and mindsets acquired in school, academics

Educational Goods examples

study skills, growth mindset, literacy, critical thinking, basic math

Field-associated ability belief (FABs)

need for innate talent or brilliance for success in specific fields. fields with this tend to retain gender gaps because women are not culturally associated with brilliance. Have to be male in order to be a genius.

Desirable difficulty

earning tasks that are challenging enough to improve long-term learning, but not so difficult that they are detrimental. generating answers (even wrong ones) reinforces long term learning. Spacing and interleaving is good, blocking is bad

Bloom’s Taxonomy

a hierarchy of learning levels that ascends from shallower learning to deeper learning

Creating - Highest level of taxonomy

putting elements together to form a coherent or functional whole; reorganizing elements into a new pattern or structure through generating, planning, or producing. ex) design, hypothesize

Evaluating - 5th level

making adjustments based on criteria and standards through checking and critiquing. ex) validate, review

Analyzing - 4th level

breaking material into constituent parts. ex) rank, compare

Applying - 3rd level

carrying out or using a procedure through executing or implementing. ex) manipulate, translate

Understanding - 2nd level

constructing meaning from oral, written, and graphic messages through interpreting, exemplifying, classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing, and explaining. ex) rearrange, summarize

Remembering - lowest level

retrieving, recognizing, and recalling relevant knowledge from long-term memory. ex) name, match

Uses for bloom taxonomy

teachers: lesson planning, making goals. students: how to gauge learning objectives

Food insecurity

lack of regular access to nutritious, quality food (usually caused by financial hardship)

Issues of food insecurity in higher ed

can’t focus on school, energy levels are low. Pandemic made issues: money of food, transportation to get food, college campuses cafertia closed

issues of food insecurity in lower tk-3rd grades

development delays, problem in school could be due to lack of nutrition

Long view (podcast episode: “Just Teacher”)

the forward ethical thinking that teachers need to be engaged in so they can see their work not just as right versus wrong, but as a kind of constant tinkering toward repair.

Strivers (Morton)

Born into families that face many of the challenges that working class and poor families grapple with in this country. more likely to be unemployed and underemployed. must enter different community to seek opportunity of advancement elsewhere.

Linguistic Code Switching (Morton)

what any multilingual individual does when he or she switches from one language to another in response to a change in context

Cultural Code Switching (Morton)

requires a more profound switch than just language. It requires one change how one behaves, talks, and presents oneself in response to a change in context. cuts closer to the self. Referred to as biculturalism.

Brain drain (Morton)

gain the social, economic, and cultural knowledge to improve their socioeconomic standing move away from disadvantaged communities, valuable human capital walks away with them. Effects value on relationships, since normally don’t return to home country/town.

Lottery of Birth (Morton)

privileges you gain from family born into, from community, resources and local educational opportunities.

Ethical good (Morton)

short term cost is offset by future gains. costs to leave community, but doesn’t outweigh the benefits of entering into new communities, and growing in advancements based on educational opportunities. Success comes at the expense of some of the things you hold most dear.

Ethical cost (Morton)

transcending the circumstances of one’s birth comes with a heavy cost felt across many aspects on our lives that we value - relationships with friends and family, our connection to our communities, and our sense of identity. Lead to upward mobility.

Ethical Trade-off (Morton)

sacrifice in one valuable domain of our lives for the sake of a gain in another

Title I schools

Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. Supports marginalized students, while ensuring accountability. Potential financial implications for schools with high opt-out rates: Schools exceeding a 5% opt-out rate could be designated as "In Need of Improvement", Trigger state-mandated redistribution of financial and education resources

Standardized testing

Serves an essential purpose in education by providing critical information about student learning and progress. While common globally, these tests are particularly vital for educational equity, especially for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. The key is that tests should meet three criteria: alignment with curriculum, high quality, and useful purpose. Accountability and Equity: Civil rights organizations support annual assessments, Difficult to identify achievement gaps, Ensures schools are serving all students effectively, Goal: balance accountability needs with reasonable testing practices

Critiques of standardized testing

Overtesting and Teaching to the test: With students spending excessive time on test preparation and actual testing - some elementary students taking up to 540 minutes of tests.This has led to schools doubling up on ELA and math instruction at the expense of other subjects like science, art, and music, diminishing student creativity and learning enjoyment.

The opt-out movement

families choosing to not take annual assessment. was lower than average students who weren’t tested, as well as economically disadvantaged.

Scott Levy (1) vs. Jonah Edelman (2) on opting out of standardized testing

(1)The New York opt-out movement was a legitimate response to hastily implemented education reforms and Title I funds. Deeply flawed assessment system, like over testing and teaching to the test. (2)Standardized testing serves as a critical tool for educational equity. Provides objective data about student progress, particularly benefiting underprivileged families.

Bootcamp Belief

Ideas should speak for themselves. Packaging matters more than content. Inconsistent with core mission of higher Ed. Time consuming. Inauthentic. Coddling!

Growth Belief

Enlivens ideas. Bonding. Student-centered perspective. To be a teacher, is to be a learner. “Find HIM where he is and begin there.” -Kierkegaar

Pandering

to appease or gratify, and often in a negative, self-serving way. “Easy ride”

Warmth

Lots of richness! Affection, ardor, friendliness, smiling, empathy, using humor appropriately

Multilingualism

The ability of societies, institutions, groups and individuals to engage, on a regular basis, with more than one language in their day-to-day lives. (ability to speak or write in more than one language.)

Monolingual pedagogies

A teaching method that assumes that learning a second language only happens when students communicate solely in that language.

Multilingual pedagogies

A learner-centered teaching approach that aims to help students develop their language awareness and learning across multiple languages.

Plurilingual practices

Ways to use multiple languages and cultural knowledge in social situations.

Role of teachers in creating positional goods

How college teachers can help make society more fair through their teaching. Whether teachers should help students succeed in the current system or encourage them to change unfair systems. Argues teaching should encourage students to think critically and work to fix unfair systems. Highlights how the benefits of college often hurt those who don’t attend by making opportunities harder to access. Encourages teachers to think about how their work can help students understand fairness and make a difference.

Four components of engaging education (Jonas & Yacek)

1)Hook:series of actions a teacher performs to capture student’s attention and interest in the first moments of a lesson. 2)Pitch:demonstration of how subject matter can deeply enrich a human life. 3)Awakening:series of actions a teacher performs to create profound moments of insight into a transformative power of subject matter. 4)Strengthening:solidify a students sense that the subject they are studying in school are valuable in themselves, and worthy of time and attention.

Pandering to parents

focus on safety, structure, authority, minimizing risk, shaping to external expectations

Pandering to students

appeal to autonomy and fun, short term incentives, challenging system, focus on relevance

Pre-service teacher

refers to an individual who is in the process of completing their teacher preparation program before becoming a licensed or fully qualified teacher. These are students or candidates enrolled in university-level or college-based programs that provide the necessary theoretical and practical training to become educators.

Teacher education

formal process of preparing individuals to become effective teachers. It encompasses the study and practice of teaching, pedagogy, and educational theory, as well as subject-area knowledge, to ensure that future teachers are equipped to meet the needs of their students in diverse educational settings.

Critical teacher education

approach to teacher preparation that emphasizes social justice, equity, and the questioning of dominant educational practices and policies. It aims to develop educators who not only teach academic content but also work to challenge inequalities in the classroom and society at large. This approach encourages teachers to view education as a means of social transformation, focusing on issues such as race, class, gender, disability, and power dynamics within the educational system.

Teaching evaluations

a process in which students or peers assess the performance of a teacher. It typically involves feedback on the effectiveness of the teacher's teaching methods, communication, course organization, and overall learning experience.

how they are used in education: instructor improvement, course design and modification, professional development, promotion and tenure decisions.

teaching evaluation ratings and long term learning from Range

More strict and harder courses, usually ends with better long term retention, but evaluates teachers lower, if they were to have had an easier course, even though they wouldn’t have long term retention. exam scores lead to harsher and very emotional driven evales. goals of ed have become loftier - better to be easy and short term rather than hard and long term gain.

 role of politics in the classroom (Gina Schouten)

philosophy and empirical evidence is needed to inform morally responsible decision making. Some educational programs might improve students' quality of life without directly affecting their grades or academic performance. On the other hand, some programs may boost academic results but not have an impact on students' overall quality of life. Philosophers can discern how education resources can be used to enhance inequalities.

 role of politics in the classroom (Stanley Fish)

Professors should focus on the academics and not the political. This does not mean that various topics (political ones) cannot be included in classroom. What matters is how and why you present them. “It is immoral for academics or academic institutions to proclaim moral views”

Gina Schouten’s recommendations for promoting justice in the classroom

1)Petition institutional decision-makers to reform enrollment management processes: advocating for changes in how schools manage student admissions and enrollment. 2)Orient research toward the production of knowledge that would make social reforms more effective at promoting justice:conducting research that directly contributes to social change. 3)Work outside of institutional roles, agitating as citizens for more just policy in higher ed and beyond: taking action beyond the academic institution. 4)Practice “teaching for social justice”: empowers students to recognize and challenge social inequalities.