Data Management and Statistics Identification Review

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering basic data concepts, levels of measurement, data collection and sampling methods, tabular and graphical presentations, measures of central tendency and dispersion, distribution shapes, boxplots, and Chebyshev's inequality.

What is defined as a collection of facts, numbers, or observations used for analysis, reference, or decision-making?

Data

Which type of data is numerical, such as height, temperature, and test scores?

Quantitative data

Which type of data is descriptive or categorical, such as gender, color, and feedback?

Qualitative data

What kind of decision-making, exemplified by Netflix's recommendation system, leads to efficiency and accuracy?

Data-driven decision-making

What term describes the collection of all cases in which the researcher is interested in a statistical study?

Statistical population

What term refers to numerical measures that describe an entire population?

Parameters

What is a portion or subset of the population from which information is gathered?

Sample

What term refers to numerical measures that describe a sample?

Statistics

What is the symbol used to denote the population mean?

$\mu$ (mu)

What is the symbol used to denote the sample standard deviation?

$$s$$

What is the symbol used to denote the population Pearson correlation coefficient?

$\rho$ (rho)

What symbol represents the total number of cases in a population?

$$N$$

Who is recognized as the father of modern-day statistics who stated that parameters are denoted by Greek letters?

Sir Ronald A. Fisher

Which scale of measurement is used for identification as a name and does not indicate an amount?

Nominal scale

Which scale of measurement indicates rank order, with no equal unit of measurement between scores?

Ordinal scale

Which scale of measurement features equal units between adjacent scores but lacks a true zero?

Interval scale

Which scale of measurement features equal units and a true zero, where zero indicates none of the variable is present?

Ratio scale

What is the level of measurement of a savings account number?

Nominal

What is the level of measurement of a teacher's evaluation rated from Excellent to Poor?

Ordinal

What is the level of measurement of IQ scores?

Interval

What is the level of measurement of income?

Ratio

Which data collection method records behaviors without direct interaction, such as traffic monitoring?

Observation method

Which data collection method tests hypotheses under controlled conditions, such as clinical trials?

Experimental method

Which data collection method is enforced by law?

Registration method

Which data collection method gathers opinions or facts through questionnaires?

Survey

What term describes data that was previously collected by others and is reused by the researcher?

Secondary data sources

Which sampling technique ensures every individual has an equal chance of selection, thereby minimizing bias?

Simple random sampling

Which sampling technique selects every $n\text{th}$ individual and is commonly used in quality control?

Systematic sampling

Which sampling technique groups data into strata and draws random samples from each group?

Stratified sampling

Which sampling technique is wide in scope and executed in several consecutive stages?

Multi-stage sampling

Which sampling technique relies on ease of access, making it quick but less reliable?

Convenience sampling

Which data presentation method presents data using sentences or paragraphs?

Textual method

Which data presentation method presents data using charts and graphs?

Graphical method

Which data presentation method organizes data using rows and columns?

Tabular method

What type of chart is a circle divided into sections according to category percentage frequencies, typically used for qualitative data?

Pie chart

Which graph uses vertical or horizontal bars whose heights or lengths represent frequencies?

Bar graph

Which graph illustrates data collected sequentially at different points in time?

Time series graph

Which graph is commonly used to show a trend (an increase or decrease) in quantitative data?

Line graph

Which chart displays bars in descending order accompanied by a line showing the cumulative total?

Pareto chart

Which graph of continuous data uses adjacent bars to represent class intervals?

Histogram

Which line graph connects frequencies plotted directly above class marks?

Frequency polygon

Which part of a statistical table includes the table number and the title?

Table heading

What is the main part of a statistical table that contains the figures and numerical information?

Body

What are the row captions or categories describing the data, usually found at the leftmost side of a table?

Stubs (or classes)

What is the term for the identification of information in a column found at the top of that column in a table?

Caption

What is a listing of values arranged from smallest to largest, or vice versa?

Ordered array

Which display format is particularly useful for presenting relatively small quantitative data sets while retaining original digits?

Stem-and-leaf display

What tabular arrangement organizes data into non-overlapping classes together with their frequencies?

Frequency distribution table (FDT)

Which rule is commonly used to determine or select the number of class intervals ($k$)?

Sturges' rule

What term describes class limits adjusted by $0.5$ so that adjacent classes touch (e.g., $24.5 - 34.5$)?

Class boundaries

What term represents the exact midpoint of a class interval?

Class mark

What is the running total of frequencies across successive classes in a frequency distribution?

Cumulative frequency

What value is obtained by dividing a class frequency by the total number of observations?

Relative frequency

What statistical measures indicate the central point of a data set arranged in order of magnitude?

Measures of central tendency

What measure of central tendency is calculated as the sum of all values divided by the total number of observations?

Mean

What type of mean is computed by incorporating the specific weight or importance of each score?

Weighted mean

What is the middle observation in a data set when values are arranged in increasing or decreasing order?

Median

What is the most frequently occurring value in a data set?

Mode

What term describes a distribution or data set that has two modes?

Bimodal

What is the only measure of central tendency suitable for nominal or categorical data?

Mode

Which measure of central tendency is most heavily affected by extreme values or outliers?

Mean

What term denotes extremely high or low values in a data set?

Outliers

What statistical measures indicate the degree to which numerical data spread out around the mean?

Measures of dispersion

What category of dispersion measures is expressed in the original units of observation?

Measures of absolute dispersion

What category of dispersion measures is unitless and used to compare the scatter of one distribution to another?

Measures of relative dispersion

What is the difference between the highest score and lowest score in a data set?

Range

What is the average of the absolute deviations of data values from their mean?

Mean absolute deviation (MAD)

What measure is defined as the average squared deviation of observations from their mean?

Variance

What measure of absolute dispersion is computed as the positive square root of the variance?

Standard deviation

Which relative measure expresses the standard deviation as a percentage of the mean?

Coefficient of variation

What measure of relative dispersion is computed using the formula $\frac{Q_3 - Q_1}{Q_3 + Q_1} \times 100\%$?

Coefficient of quartile deviation

Which statistical measures describe a distribution's departure from symmetry as well as its relative peakedness or flatness?

Measures of shape

What is the measure of a distribution's deviation from symmetry?

Skewness

What is the measure of the relative peakedness or flatness of a distribution?

Kurtosis

Which graphical display is also commonly called a box-and-whisker plot?

Boxplot

Which summary consists of the minimum value, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum value?

Five-number summary

What is the difference between the third quartile and the first quartile ($Q_3 - Q_1$)?

Interquartile range (IQR)

In a boxplot, what boundaries are calculated as $Q_1 - 1.5 \times \text{IQR}$ and $Q_3 + 1.5 \times \text{IQR}$?

Inner fences

In a boxplot, what boundaries are calculated as $Q_1 - 3 \times \text{IQR}$ and $Q_3 + 3 \times \text{IQR}$?

Outer fences

Which theorem states that at least $1 - \frac{1}{k^2}$ of the data lie within $k$ standard deviations of the mean?

Chebyshev's inequality