AFF Lab Urine and Excre

plasma and body tissue fluid

the primary function of the kidney is regulating composition of...

volume of plasma, electrolyte concentration, nitrogenous waste product concentration, and plasma pH

when forming urine, the kidneys regulate...

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

the processes that form urine

reabsorbing what is needed into the blood and secrete what is not needed

the basis of renal function is to filter all but the very large substances out of blood, then to adjust the filtrate by...

dietary intake and physical activity

the composition of urine varies from time to time because of differences in...

fluid intake, body and environment temp, humidity, and respiratory rate

the volume of urine the kidneys produce varies with such factors as...

1000-2000 mL

an adult with average fluid intake voids between... of urine each day

function of kidneys and other organs

analysis of urine composition and volume is often used to evaluate...

urinalysis

observing the physical characteristics of a urine sample and testing for the presence of certain organic and inorganic substances

carbohydrate metabolism, kidney and liver function, acid-base balance, and bacteriuria

test results may provide information regarding the status of...

bovine or ovine serum

since urine is a modified filtrate

of plasma, ... will also be analyzed in parallel tests.

external genitalia

A midstream sample is necessary to avoid excess

contamination from the...

90 mL... cool

Collect at least... of urine for analysis and store in a... place until testing

3 hours... 2 hours

the best time for collecting a urine sample is... after a meal and the sample should not be older than...

least

first samples in the morning are... likely to reveal abnormal substances in the urine

urobilin

normal urine varies from pale yellow to dark amber depending on the presence of a pigment called...

decomposition of hemoglobin

urobilin is produced during the...

hemoglobin --> heme --> biliverdin --> bilirubin --> urobilinogen --> urobilin

decomposition of hemoglobin pathway

diet, concentration, medications

color of urine can be altered by...

pigments

... in certain foods may be excreted in urine and alter color

darker

the more concentrated the urine, the... its color

vitamins

certain medications like some... can alter the color of urine

clear

fresh normal urine should be... but may become cloudy after standing

bacteria, epithelial cells, fat droplets, inorganic ions or mucus

... may make urine cloudy

mucin secretion

cloudiness is not necessarily an

indication of disease and sometimes results from... from the urinary tract lining

mucus, wbc, and epithelial cells

all urine tends to become

cloudy after aging a few hours and is partially due to settling of...

precipitate of phosphates

also urine gets cloudy over time from the... that formed when urea was converted to ammonia by bacteria

diet

the odor of urine varies based upon...

metabolites

... of some foods may give urine a strong odor

drugs

an offensive odor is sometimes caused by excretion of certain...

ammonia

aged urine has an... odor

ammonium carbonate

the odor of urea comes from... caused by bacterial decomposition of urea

acidic

the pH of normal urine is slightly...

diet

most urine pH variation is related to...

digestive end products

the variation of pH comes from the variation of pH in different...

lower

individuals who mainly eat meat often produce urine with a... pH

metabolites

the pH of urine can change as... of the previous meal are excreted

higher

stale urine has a... pH because urea gets converted to ammonium carbonate over time

specific gravity

the relative weight (g/mL) of a specific volume of liquid compared with an equal volume of distilled water

dissolved solutes

Since urine and plasma contain

..., they weigh more than water

diluted

the smaller the specific gravity of urine, the more... the urine is

ammonium ions, urea, urobilinogen

things found in urine

albumin, bilirubin, blood, glucose, ketones, leukocytes, nitrite

things not found in urine

protein, glucose

things that are not usually found in urine but can be excreted over 24-hour urine

can't be reabsorbed back into the blood

when the blood level of glucose is very high, it spills into urine because glucose carriers

are saturated, and excess glucose...

40-60... proximal convoluted tubule and medullary collecting ducts

between ...% passive reabsorption occurs in the...

increased protein uptake... impaired renal

function

urea values increase in response to... and values decrease in...

bilirubin

plasma is normally yellow or straw-colored due to the presence of...

clear... elevated lipid levels

plasma tends to be... but can not be due to...

metallic, fishy, musky

plasma smells...

neutral

pH of arterial blood tends to be near...

chemical buffers, respiratory and renal systems

the pH of arterial blood is tightly regulated by...

albumin, bilirubin, glucose, ketones, urea, urobilirubin

things found in plasma

ammonium ions, leukocytes, nitrite

things not found in plasma

blood pH and osmotic pressure

albumin functions to regulate...

globulins

important for the immune system and transport

fibrinogen

important for blood clotting

glucose levels

ketone levels are tightly linked to...

ketones

if glucose levels are out of range, ... are produced

age, kidney function, dehydration, and medications

urea levels in blood depend on...

filtration membrane and nephron loop

simple squamous makes up a portion of the...

urethra

pseudostratified columnar lines a portion of the...

ureter, through the bladder, and most of the urethra

transitional epithelium is found from the...

transitional

an organ's ability to stretch when distended and recoil when empty

700-800 mL

the urinary bladder can hold... of urine when full

stratified cuboidal... stratified squamous

the epithelium transforms from... (when urinary bladder is empty) to... (when urinary bladder is filling/stretching)

simple cuboidal

the proximal and distal convoluted tubules are lined with...

brush... microvilli... increase

proximal convoluted tubule has a... border made up of... to... surface area

brush

distal convoluted tubule does not have a... border

longer, more, fatter

the proximal convoluted tubule is (longer/shorter), (more/less) coiled, (fatter/skinnier) in diameter

shorter, less, skinnier

the distal convoluted tubule is (longer/shorter), (more/less) coiled, (fatter/skinnier) in diameter

distal convoluted tubule

green

proximal convoluted tubule

pink

glomerulus

blue