muscles and plant toxins

plant fmailies

menispermaceae

loganiaceae

fabaceae

solanaceae

apiaceae

3 types of muscle cells

skeletal: under voluntary cotnrol

smooth: under ANS and blood hormones

cardac: autonomic activity and ANS

smooth musclesi nclude

many tubular organs

gastro tract, blood vessels, ariways, eye (iris muscle), uterus, bladder

ANS

paraysmpathetic vs sympathetic

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muscle contraction depends on

depolarization that depends on Ach and calcium

Acetylcholine

cholinergic receptors

released at all neuromuscular junctions and therefore nictoinic muscel receptors

understand steps

binds to calcium channel to depolorization

plant toxins types for muscles

paralyzing curares

piperidine alkaloids

quinolizidine

paralyzing curares families

menispermaceae

loganiaceae

fabaceae

tubocurarine, strychine and erysodinenc

piperidine alkaloids families

solanaceae, apiaceae

nictoien and coniine

quinolizidine families

fabaceae

cytisine

paralyzing curares include

chondrodendron tomentosum

strychnos spp

erythrina spp

chondrodendron tomentosum

paralyzign curare

menispermaceae fam

source of arrow poison for hunting and effective only if given parentally (IV/needle)

tubocurarine

alkaloid from chondrodendron tomentosum

antagonsit fo nictotinic type of Ach receptors because they resemble Ach

leads ot muscle paralysis

strychnos spp

paralyzing curare

loganiaceae fam

toxiferine: similar to tubocurarine

strychiome

toxiferine

strychnine

spasms and convulsions

antagonsit of glycine receptors causign overactive, hyperpolarization as it agonizes chloride channels

glycine

strychnine structure

dihydroindole

erthyrina spp

fabaceae fam

paralyzing curacae

erysodine

erythrinan alkaloid

orally effective

antagonist of nicotiniv Ach receptors just like the curare

colorines

bright red seeds in erthyrina spp

erythrina herbacea

fabaceae family

in Mexico, seeds as rat poison and bark/leaves as fish poison

nicotiana spp

solanaceae fam

piperidine alkaloid

nicotine causing muscle tremor and pain

anabasine

nicotine structure

conium maculatum

apiaceae family

piperidine alkaloid

poison hemlock/coniine

conium maculatum is characterized by

compound umbels, purple spotted stems, mouse urine odor

coniine

most toxic alkaloid (piperidine) in thsi plant

antagonist of nicotinic Ach receptors

muscle relaxant

muscular problems, convulsions, resp. paralysis, death

piperidine

history of coniine

socrates

coturnism

dermatophyllum

fabaceae family

quinolizidine alkaloid

cytisine-acts liek nicotine

mescal beans

cytisine

piperidine alkaloid

nicotinic effects: ganglionic and neuromuscular stim then blockade -

ataxia, fetal malformations

Quinolizidine alkaloids

They act as mixed nicotinic/muscarinic ligands (with cytisine being a strong nicotinic partial agonist and sparteine acting as a competitive antagonist). Crucially, they also block voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels

They cause muscle weakness and respiratory distress, but this often occurs alongside severe autonomic dysfunction

paralyzing curares

They are highly specialized, purely competitive (non-depolarizing) antagonists that target skeletal muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (\(N_{M}\)) at the postsynaptic motor endplate. [1, 2]