Lab 5 — Blood Pressure and Pulse - BSCI202 (SLIDEDECK)

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What is the cardiac cycle?

Cycle of contraction and relaxation of both atria and ventricles

What is systole?

Contraction of an atrium or ventricle; blood is pumped out

What is diastole?

Relaxation of an atrium or ventricle; blood fills the chamber

During atrial diastole, where does blood enter the atria from?

Veins

What percentage of ventricular filling is passive?

80%

What percentage of ventricular filling is due to atrial systole?

20%

What closes the AV valves during ventricular systole?

Rising ventricular pressure

When does ventricular systole begin?

Shortly after atrial systole

During passive ventricular filling, are AV valves open or closed?

Open

During passive ventricular filling, are semilunar valves open or closed?

Closed

During isovolumetric contraction, what is the status of both valve sets?

Both AV and semilunar valves are closed

During ventricular ejection, which valves are open?

Semilunar valves

During isovolumetric relaxation, which valves are open?

Neither; both sets are closed

What is end-diastolic volume (EDV)?

Ventricular volume at the end of diastole

What is end-systolic volume (ESV)?

Ventricular volume at the end of systole

What is stroke volume (SV) in terms of EDV and ESV?

SV = EDV − ESV

What produces the first heart sound (lub)?

Closure of AV valves

What produces the second heart sound (dub)?

Closure of semilunar valves

What instrument is used to auscultate heart sounds?

Stethoscope

What is a heart murmur?

An abnormal heart sound indicating a valve defect

What is a pulse?

Surge of arterial pressure as the heart ejects blood

What is heart rate measured in?

Beats per minute (bpm)

What is the slide’s normal resting heart-rate range?

60–100 bpm

What average resting heart-rate range does the slide give?

70–76 bpm

What is the average heartbeat duration listed?

0.8 seconds

How do you calculate heart rate from beat duration?

60 seconds ÷ seconds per beat

What is blood pressure?

Pressure exerted against arterial walls

What is systolic blood pressure?

Arterial pressure during ventricular systole

What is diastolic blood pressure?

Arterial pressure during ventricular diastole

What instrument measures blood pressure?

Sphygmomanometer

What units measure blood pressure?

mmHg

In what order is blood pressure written?

Systolic over diastolic

Where is the blood-pressure cuff placed?

Upper left arm

Where should the stethoscope be placed for blood-pressure measurement?

Over the brachial artery

How quickly should cuff pressure be released?

About 2 mmHg per second

How is pulse pressure calculated?

Systolic BP − diastolic BP

What is normal blood pressure?

Systolic less than 120 AND diastolic less than 80 mmHg.

What is elevated blood pressure?

Systolic 120–129 AND diastolic less than 80 mmHg.

What is Stage 1 hypertension?

Systolic 130–139 OR diastolic 80–89 mmHg.

What is Stage 2 hypertension?

Systolic 140 or higher OR diastolic 90 or higher mmHg.

What is a hypertensive crisis?

Systolic higher than 180 AND/OR diastolic higher than 120 mmHg. Requires immediate medical attention.

What is the normal systolic blood pressure range?

Less than 120 mmHg.

What is the normal diastolic blood pressure range?

Less than 80 mmHg.

What is the elevated systolic blood pressure range?

120–129 mmHg, with diastolic less than 80 mmHg.

What is the Stage 1 hypertension systolic range?

130–139 mmHg.

What is the Stage 1 hypertension diastolic range?

80–89 mmHg.

What is the Stage 2 hypertension threshold?

Systolic at least 140 OR diastolic at least 90 mmHg.

Does only one blood pressure number need to be high to classify someone as hypertensive?

Yes. Stage 1 and Stage 2 hypertension use OR, meaning either the systolic or diastolic number can qualify.