AP World History Unit II

Why did long-distance trade expand after 1200?

Better technology

What was the Silk Roads?

Overland trade routes linking East Asia

What was a caravanserai?

A roadside inn providing merchants shelter

How did caravanserai increase trade?

They made long-distance travel safer and easier."

Why did Samarkand become an important city?

Its location made it a major center for Silk Road trade.

What Chinese goods were traded on the Silk Roads?

Silk

What technology spread from China?

Gunpowder

What mathematical innovation came from South Asia?

Arabic numerals.

How did Silk Road trade spread religion?

Merchants and missionaries carried Islam

How did banking help Silk Road merchants?

Bills of exchange let merchants transfer wealth without carrying coins.

Why did China develop paper money?

A shortage of metal currency encouraged paper currency.

What happened to luxury-goods demand after 1200?

It increased across Afro-Eurasia.

What were pastoral societies based on?

Herding domesticated animals rather than settled agriculture.

Why were pastoralists mobile?

They moved to find grazing land and water for their animals.

How did pastoralists interact with agricultural societies?

They traded

How did horseback riding change Inner Asia?

It increased mobility and made steppe peoples more effective warriors.

Who was Genghis Khan?

The Mongol leader who united the Mongol tribes and began major conquests.

When did Genghis Khan become Great Khan?

1206.

Why were Mongol armies so successful?

"Strong leadership

What tactics did Mongols use?

"Encirclement

How did Genghis Khan weaken tribal divisions?

"He mixed tribes into military units and created an imperial guard."

What happened to the Mongol Empire after Genghis Khan?

"It divided into regional khanates."

What were the four major Mongol states?

"Golden Horde

Where was the Golden Horde?

"Russia and parts of Eastern Europe."

How did the Golden Horde control Russia?

"Local rulers collected tribute for the Mongols."

Where was the Ilkhanate?

"Persia and parts of the Middle East."

What happened when Mongols captured Baghdad?

"Baghdad was sacked in 1258 and Abbasid political power ended there."

How did the Ilkhanate change culturally?

"Mongols adopted Persian and Islamic traditions; many converted to Islam."

Where was the Yuan Dynasty?

"China."

Who founded the Yuan Dynasty?

"Kublai Khan."

Which Chinese dynasty did the Mongols defeat?

"The Song Dynasty."

How did Yuan rule change China's government?

"Foreigners held important positions and the civil service system was restricted."

Why did Mongols favor foreigners in government?

"They believed foreigners were less tied to Chinese political factions."

Where was the Chagatai Khanate?

"Central Asia near the Mongol homeland."

What was the Pax Mongolica?

"Relative peace under Mongol rule that encouraged Eurasian trade."

How did the Pax Mongolica affect trade?

"Safer routes encouraged merchants to travel farther across Eurasia."

What was a contradiction of Mongol rule?

"They encouraged trade while causing massive destruction through conquest."

How did Mongol networks help spread the Black Death?

"Increased movement of people and goods helped disease spread across Eurasia."

How did Mongols increase Afro-Eurasian connectivity?

"They united huge areas under one empire and encouraged movement across them."

What was a major long-term effect of Mongol rule?

"Greater contact between Europe

How did Mongols generally treat religion?

"They generally allowed religious tolerance."

Why did Mongol culture have limited long-term influence?

"Mongols often adopted local cultures instead of imposing their own."

What happened to the Yuan Dynasty in 1368?

"The Mongols were overthrown by the Ming Dynasty."

Who was Marco Polo?

"A Venetian merchant who traveled through Yuan China."

Why is Marco Polo significant?

"His travels show increased Europe-Asia contact during Mongol rule."

What was the Indian Ocean trade network?

"A maritime network connecting East Africa

Why did Indian Ocean trade expand after 1200?

"Better navigation

What were monsoon winds?

"Seasonal winds that made Indian Ocean voyages more predictable."

What was a lateen sail?

"A triangular sail that improved a ship's maneuverability."

What was an astrolabe?

"A navigation tool used to determine position using the stars."

What goods were traded in the Indian Ocean?

"Spices

What was the Sultanate of Malacca?

"An Islamic trading state controlling the Strait of Malacca."

Why was the Strait of Malacca important?

"It connected Indian Ocean and East Asian maritime trade."

Why was Gujarat important?

"It was a major Indian trade center exporting cotton textiles and indigo."

What were the Swahili city-states?

"East African coastal trading cities connected to Indian Ocean commerce."

Name three Swahili city-states.

"Kilwa

What was a diasporic community?

"A community living outside its homeland while maintaining cultural connections."

Why did diasporic communities form along trade routes?

"Merchants settled abroad to conduct business and maintain trade networks."

Where did Arab and Persian diasporic communities develop?

"Along the East African coast."

Where did Chinese diasporic communities develop?

"Southeast Asia."

How did Indian Ocean trade spread Islam?

"Muslim merchants established communities and spread Islam through trade."

What is the biggest Unit 2 theme?

"Greater connectivity increased trade