islamic & christian

Three basic mosque types:

1. ___

2. ___

3. ___

Hypostyle, Four-Iwan, Ottoman

___: The wall of the mosque that faces Mecca.

Qibla Wall

___: A wall recess, mostly in the form of arched niche, in

the qibla wall, indicating the position of the prayer-leader

facing the direction toward Mecca.

Mihrab

___: The main space for male worshippers to kneel and

pray.

Prayer Hall

___: A tall slender tower, built next or in a mosque, from

which the Muslims are called to prayer. Mosques may have one

up to six minarets.

Minaret

____: A large central courtyard, which is surrounded by an

arcade on all sides. The atrium/cloister is its equivalent in

European medieval architecture.

Sahn

Qibla wall, Mihrab, Prayer Hall, Minaret, Sahn

Complete the diagram of The Liturgical Elements of a Mosque

Qibla Wall, Mihrab, Prayer Hall, Sahn

___: Mosque in which the prayer hall is

formed of rows of vertical supports / columns, that can

multiply indefinitely. Dominant type in the early period.

The Hypostyle Mosque

The Great Mosque of Damascus

Complete label for floor plan of The Great Mosque of Damascus

Prayer hall

The Great Mosque of Samarra

The Great Mosque of Samarra is famed even at the time for its distinctive ___ ___

spiral minaret

___ is the avoidance of images of

sentient beings in some forms of Islamic

art.

Aniconism

Religious Islamic art

has been typically characterized by the

absence of figures and extensive use of

___, ___ ___, and ___(abstract floral patterns).

calligraphic, geometric patterns,

arabesque

Arabesque, Calligraphy, Geometric patterns

___ = a form of artistic decoration consisting of surface decorations based on rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils, or lines

Arabesque

___ = beautiful writing. Artistic, stylized, or elegant handwriting or lettering.

Calligraphy

___ = A pattern involving the use of precise mathematical shapes which repeat themselves across a surface. In Islamic art, these patterns are usually quite intricate and often based on radial symmetry.

Geometric pattern

___:

an arch having an intrados

(the lower or inner curve of an

arch) that widens above the

springing before narrowing.

Horseshoe Arch / Keyhole

Arch

___:

an arch whose intrados curve is

described from four centers,

usually with tight radii at springer

and larger radii at top, intersecting

in a point.

4-center Arch

Ogee Arch (3C), Ogee Arch (4C)

___:

an arch with two ogee (S-

shaped) curves meeting at

the apex

Ogee Arch

___/___:

an arch having an intrados

composed of more than five foils

(indentations between cusps) or

lobes (a curved or rounded

projection or division)

Multifoil Arch / Polylobed Arch

Great Mosque of Córdoba,

In the Great Mosque of Córdoba, the Main Prayer Hall:

___ and___ set atop columns to raise hypostyle ceiling.

Columns are ___(the re-use of earlier building material or decorative sculpture on new monuments).

Piers, double-arches,SPOLIA

This is a floor plan and section of ___

Great Mosque of Córdoba,

The ___ is especially known for its intricate geometric

tilework and carved ___ decoration

Alhambra,arabesque

Islamic Architecture ___: Three-dimensional decorative device used widely in Islamic architecture, in which tiers

of individual elements, including niche-like

cells, brackets and pendants, are projected

over those below.

Muqarnas

---

can be understood as the three-dimensional

realization of the related 2D geometric

patterns of decoration

Muqarnas

The___: Mosque in which up to

four iwans surround a courtyard. The prayer

hall is the largest iwan. It was the most

popular type in the medieval period, and

remained dominant in Iran.

Iwan Mosque

___: A rectangular hall or space,

usually vaulted, walled on three sides,

with one end entirely open.

Iwan

In the four-iwan mosque, each wall of the courtyard is

punctuated with a monumental __, the

iwan.

vaulted hall

Like a hypostyle mosque, the layout for the Iwan mosque is arranged around a large open __.

courtyard

___: Mosque in which the

prayer hall's space is dominated by a central

dome surrounded by smaller and lower semi-

domes. It was introduced by the Ottomans in

the 15th century.

The Ottoman Mosque

The Ottoman architects were

strongly influenced by ___

Hagia Sophia

Blue is the dominant color in the stained glass

windows ,reflective mosaics, and paint; creates a ethereal blue light in the space.

The Blue Mosque

white marble mausoleum

The Taj Mahal

Why is mythology/religion relevant to architecture?

Ornament, Hierarchy, Ritual

It is only when Rome becomes ___ that we get relevant Christian architecture.

Christian

312CE ___ (Eastern

Emperor, Trier) Marches on

Rome (Maxentius, Western

Emperor) crosses the Tiber

river at the Mulvian Bridge.

Constantine

___ became the

principal patron of Christianity. Rome would

become Christian, and Christianity would

take on the aura of imperial Rome.

Constantine

___ CE Constantine (Eastern Emperor, Trier) Marches on Rome

(Maxentius, Western Emperor) crosses the Tiber river at

the Mulvian Bridge.

___ CE declares Christianity the official religion of the Roman empire

312, 325

Early Christian architecture put greater emphasis on the ___.

interior

Christian churches needed ___ interior spaces to house the growing congregations and to

mark the clear separation of the faithful from the unfaithful.

large

Early Christian architecture put greater emphasis on the interior. Christian

churches needed large interior spaces to house the growing congregations and to

mark the clear separation of the faithful from the unfaithful.

This leads to the architectural form that would become the core of western Christian

architecture up to our own time: the ___ ___.

Christian Basilica

The Basilica was typically more utilitarian in general layout and

decoration than the temples. Basic ___ and

___construction, usually timber roofs.

brick, arch

This building type becomes a) appropriated for

use as, and b) the model later for, early

Christian churches

Basilica

___ Christian basilica in its purity and

simplicity of its design./an austerity

in decoration is seen early on (in the___).

Early, west

label diagram

basilica-plan church, central plan church

Churches divided into two types: the

Basilica church (Roman basilica) and

the ___-___ church (Roman

Pantheon).

Central-Plan

The Basilica becomes the dominant

___ church form.

The Central-Plan becomes the

dominant ___ church form.(However, both are used, their

popularity changing in different

periods.)

Western, Eastern

A ___ is a semi-circular or polygonal projection serving as

the termination of the main building axis, containing the

altar.

Apse

The ___ is the main space of the basilica church, where the

congregation sits/stands during worship service. Has

higher ceiling than the aisles, usually with clerestory

windows.

Nave

The ___ is the ambulatory / circulation space on the side

perimeter of the nave.

Aisle

A ___ is an enclosed porch or narrow meeting area at

the entrance to a church.

Narthex

A ___ is an open courtyard at the entrance of a church,

usually surrounded by covered aisles. The atrium of the

Early Christian church was originally a place for the

congregants to wait and prepare for worship.

Atrium

label diagram

apse, nave, aisle, narthex, atrium

label diagram

atrium, apse, clerestory

In the Basilican Church of S. Peter, the columns were likely ___ (the re-use of earlier building material or decorative sculpture on new monuments).

SPOLIA

Oldest surviving ecclesiastical basilica, meaning

built specifically to be a Christian church

Santa Sabina

The Santa Sabina is the ___ surviving ecclesiastical basilica, meaning

built specifically to be a Christian church.

oldest

Santa Sabina preserves its original colonnaded rectangular plan with apse and architectural style. Its decorations have been restored to their original ___ design.

restrained

Central Plan Church: Main form is a centralized ___ shape

(square, circle, octagon), topped by a dome

symmetrical, dome

Label diagram of Central Plan Church

apse, narthex, atrium, dome

Label diagram of Central Plan Church

apse,dome, atrium, narthex

330 CE moves the capital from Rome to ___.

Constantinople

CE 523-549, Ravenna, Italy

Basilica of St. Apollinare in Classe

A ___ is a bell tower, usually built beside or attached to a church.

Campanile

The Basilica of St. Apollinare in Classe was described as an outstanding example of the early Christian basilica in its ___ and simplicity of its design

purity

What is this a floor plan of?

Basilica of St. Apollinare in Classe

Label Basilica of St. Apollinare in Classe floor plan

Narthex

Label Basilica of St. Apollinare in Classe floor plan

Campanile

Label Basilica of St. Apollinare in Classe floor plan

Aisle

Label Basilica of St. Apollinare in Classe floor plan

Nave

Label Basilica of St. Apollinare in Classe floor plan

Altar

Label Basilica of St. Apollinare in Classe floor plan

Apse