Y9 - DNA + PROTEINSYNTHESIS + CELLS + MICROSCOPES - BIOLOGY 1
Call Kai
Learn
Practice Test
Spaced Repetition
Match
Flashcards
Knowt Play1/91
There's no tags or description
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced | Call with Kai | Chat |
|---|
No analytics yet
Send a link to your students to track their progress
92 Terms
What is the first step when extracting DNA from fruit?
Mash the fruit to break up the tissue.
Why is detergent used during DNA extraction?
It helps break down cell and nuclear membranes.
Why is salt solution used during DNA extraction?
It helps the DNA separate from other cell components.
Why is the fruit mixture filtered?
To remove solid pieces of fruit.
Why is cold ethanol added during DNA extraction?
DNA precipitates out and becomes visible.
What does extracted DNA often look like?
White, cloudy strands or clumps
What is the function of the nucleus?
It contains the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell.
What is the function of the cell membrane?
It controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
It is where many chemical reactions take place.
What is the function of mitochondria?
They are the site of aerobic respiration.
What is the function of ribosomes?
They are the site of protein synthesis.
What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?
It supports and strengthens the cell.
What is the function of chloroplasts?
They are the site of photosynthesis.
What is the function of the permanent vacuole in plant cells?
It contains cell sap and helps keep the cell rigid.
What is a eukaryotic cell?
A cell with its DNA enclosed in a nucleus
What is RNA?
A nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis.
What base does RNA use instead of thymine?
Uracil (U).
What sugar is found in DNA?
Deoxyribose.
What sugar is found in RNA?
Ribose.
How many strands does DNA usually have?
Two strands.
How many strands does RNA usually have?
One strand
What is a gene?
A section of DNA that codes for a particular protein.
What is a chromosome?
A long DNA molecule carrying many genes.
How is DNA organised in a eukaryotic cell?
DNA is organised into chromosomes in the nucleus; chromosomes contain genes.
Why is DNA important for inheritance?
It carries genetic information that can be passed from parents to offspring.
What is meant by a genome?
The complete set of genetic material in an organism.
Can DNA make copies of itself?
Yes. DNA can replicate to produce copies of its genetic information.
How many chromosome pairs do humans usually have?
23 pairs in most body cells.
What is the relationship between genes and proteins?
Genes contain the code for making particular proteins.
What is the difference between a gene and a chromosome?
A gene is a section of DNA; a chromosome is a long DNA molecule containing many genes.
What is the role of chromosomes?
They package DNA and carry genes.
What is the role of genetic information in inheritance?
It passes instructions from parents to offspring.
Where is DNA found in a eukaryotic cell?
In the nucleus, organised into chromosomes
What is a mutation?
A change in the DNA base sequence.
How can a mutation affect a protein?
It may change the amino acid sequence and alter the protein's shape or function.
Does every mutation change a protein?
No. Some mutations do not change the protein.
What can happen if a protein's shape changes?
Its function may change or it may stop working properly
What is magnification?
How many times larger an image is than the actual object.
What is resolution?
The ability to distinguish two close points as separate.
What is the magnification formula?
Magnification = image size Ă· actual size.
How do you calculate actual size?
Actual size = image size Ă· magnification.
How do you calculate image size?
Image size = actual size Ă magnification.
What units might be used to measure cells?
Micrometres (”m).
How many micrometres are in one millimetre?
1,000 ”m.
What is a light microscope used for?
Viewing cells and larger cell structures.
What is an electron microscope?
A microscope that uses electrons to produce a highly detailed image.
Why can electron microscopes show more detail?
They have a higher resolution than light microscopes.
Why might a stain be added to a microscope slide?
To make structures easier to see.
What does a microscope's scale bar show?
A reference length used to estimate the actual size of structures.
What is the difference between magnification and resolution?
Magnification enlarges an image; resolution determines how much detail can be distinguished
What is a protein made from?
A chain of amino acids.
How many different amino acids are used to build proteins?
20 different types.
Where are proteins made in cells?
At ribosomes.
What is protein synthesis?
The process of using genetic information to build proteins.
What are the two stages of protein synthesis?
Transcription and translation.
What is transcription?
Making an mRNA copy of a gene from DNA.
Where does transcription happen?
In the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
What happens to DNA during transcription?
The gene unwinds and its strands separate so a complementary mRNA copy can form.
What does mRNA stand for?
Messenger ribonucleic acid.
Why is mRNA needed?
It carries a copy of the genetic code from DNA to a ribosome.
What happens to mRNA after transcription?
It leaves the nucleus and travels to a ribosome.
What is translation?
The process of using mRNA instructions to assemble amino acids into a protein.
Where does translation happen?
At a ribosome.
What is a codon?
A group of three bases on mRNA.
What does tRNA do during translation?
It brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome.
What links amino acids together?
Peptide bonds.
What is a polypeptide?
A chain of amino acids.
What determines the order of amino acids in a protein?
The sequence of bases in the gene, carried by mRNA.
Why does the amino acid sequence matter?
It affects how a protein folds and functions.
What is the difference between transcription and translation?
Transcription makes mRNA from DNA; translation uses mRNA to assemble a protein.
What is the difference between DNA and mRNA?
DNA stores genetic information; mRNA carries a copy of the code to a ribosome.
Why must DNA bases be read in the correct order?
Their sequence carries the instructions for making proteins.
What is the role of amino acids in proteins?
They are the building blocks joined to form proteins.
Name examples of proteins.
Enzymes, antibodies, collagen and insulin
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid.
What is the main role of DNA?
It carries the genetic code used to make proteins.
What is the shape of a DNA molecule?
A double helix: two strands twisted together.
How many different bases are found in DNA?
Four.
Name the four bases in DNA.
Adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G).
What are the complementary DNA base-pairing rules?
Adenine pairs with thymine (AâT); cytosine pairs with guanine (CâG).
What does complementary mean in DNA?
Each base pairs with its specific matching base.
What is a DNA nucleotide?
A DNA building block made of sugar, phosphate and a base.
What are the monomers of DNA?
Nucleotides.
What forms the backbone of DNA?
Alternating sugar and phosphate groups.
What information do DNA bases carry?
The genetic code.
What connects the two strands of DNA?
Complementary base pairs.
Which base pairs with adenine in DNA?
Thymine.
Which base pairs with cytosine in DNA?
Guanine