9/5 Memory Issues

Serial Order Effect

a psychological tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than the items in the middle

Primacy effect

the ability to remember information at the beginning more easily

Recency effect

the ability to remember information at the end more easily 

Interference Effects 

Information can be lost or less accurate due to an overlap or similar information 

Proactive interference

new material is lost (not easily stored) due to old material 

Retroactive interference

Old material is lost (forgotten) due to new material

The Reconstruction Effect 

though our memory can improve when we tie topics together, we also tend to include inaccurate information into our memories to “fill in the gaps” or “fix the errors”  (ex. war of ghosts, final word list)

 recall things that never occurred

Elizabeth Loftus’s work

Hindsight bias

tendency to believe that an event was predictable or obvious all along after learning the actual outcome (“i knew they weren’t going to win”)

Levels of processing

success ful conversion of information from STM to LTM is highly impacted by your approach make sense of the information (Craik & Lockhart)

Deep

broad connections, more assessment, attempt to explain 

Shallow

narrow or no connections, rote learning, no assessment or attempts to explain 

Memory Dependence World 

more likely to recall information when in a condition that resembles the condition that we were in when we learned the information 

Mneumonic

encoding/storage techniques that aid in the process of information retrieval