AP PSYCH unit 2

Central Nervouse System (CNS)

Brain & Spinal Cord

Afferent Nerves

Arrive to CNS

Efferent Nerves

Exit CNS

Peripheral Nervous System

Connects to brain and spinal cord to other parts of body

Somatic Nervouse System- Sensory

Sensory Nerves (afferent)- Arrive

Sensory Motors (efferent)- Exit

S= sensory/sensation

Autonomic Nervouse System

Message to and from internal organs

ex) breathing, heart rate, digestion, sexual function, etc

Sympathetic Nervous System

Fight of Flight mode- Help survival mode

Parasympathetic Nervous system

Recovery (everything goes back to normal)

Neurons

Nerve cell, Have neg. charge when resting(potential)

Dendrites

receive info from neighboring neurons in form if chemicals

All or nothing principles

Neither fires completely or not at all

Glial Cell

Provide nuitrition and support to neurons

the 3 brain sections

Hindbrain, forebrain, Midbrain

2 hemisphere

Left & right; controls opposite side of body

Hindbrain

Top of spinal cord: Basic function

Medulla

Blood pressure, heart rate, breathing

Reticular Formation

Consciousness & arousal

Midbrain

very small, connects with brain stem to brain; simple movements w sensory info

ex)Turning your eyes and head

pons

facial expression

cerebellum (little brain)

coordinated movements

Limbic System

Contains Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Amygdala and hippocampus

Thalamus

Recieves sensory signals and directs them

Hypothalamus

metabolism, temp, hunger, thirst, sleep, endocrine

Amygdala

fear

Hippocampus

memory processing and recall

Forebrain

“New Brain”, thought and reason

old brain

parts developed first, primitive parts; ex hindbrain & midbrain

New Brain

Newest parts, aka complex thinking

ex) forebrain

Cerebral Cortices

Outer layer if neural tissue, left & right hemisphere

Frontal Lobe

Brain executive decision maker, personality

ex) phineas gage

Left part if Frontal Lobe

Language, working memeory, exercise brain

Broca’s Area

speech production; allows us to speak (only in left side)

Right Part of Frontal Lobe

creativity, emotional regulation

Motor Cortex

Voluntary Movement; controls opposite side of body

Parietal lobe

behind motor cortex; sensory cortex, somatic

Occipital lobe

Back of brain, Vision

Feature dectors

specialized regions of occipital lobes and process specific types if visual features

temporal lobe

process sound on BOTH sides

Wernicke’s Area

language processing; listen and understand

Brain Lateralization

certain functions are specialized by each brain hemisphere

Corpus Callosum

Relays info between 2 hemispheres

split brain surgery

Gr. Gazzaniga specialized is helping latients w/ epilepsy, conductinf experiments in split brain patient

Neurotransmitter

process chemicals through excitatory and inhibitory

Excitatory

Chemicals that cause the next neurons to fire

Inhibitory

prevent the next neuron from firing

Acetylinecholine (ACh)

excitatory; Muscle memory

GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid)

Inhibitory; break pedal

Glutamate

excitatory; learning & memory

too much causes migraines and anxiety, depression

Norephinephrine

Excitatory(sympathetic nervouse system)

stress stimulates it, extreme fear

Dompamine

excitatory, Reward: Mood, Sleep, attention, learning, Cocaine mimics it

Serotonin

Inhibitory; mood, teams with ACh & Norepinephrine

Endorphins

Eliminate pain; Both excitatory and inhibitory

*can be very addictive (heroin)

Oxytocin

a great love/bonf with someone; excitatory

Reuptake Inhibitors

prevent reuptake; chemicals fails to cross synaptic gap

Lesions

cutting/injecting the brain

Electrical recording

study brain wave activity

Brain imaging

different scans to see the brain

CAT scan

many 3D x-rays; structure

MRI scan (magnetic)

struture no radiation; magnetic

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Brain Waves

Positron Emission Tomography PET:

Injection of glucose to measure the chemical inside the brain

Functional MRI (FMRI)

structure & blood flow

Brain Plasticity

Brain repair: Can take on other responsibilities ; usually on younger people