World History HN Absolute Monarchies

Who were Ferdinand and Isabella?

Spanish monarchs who completed the Reconquista in 1492, strengthened Catholicism, and funded Columbus's voyage.

Who was Charles V?

Habsburg ruler of a vast empire who struggled with Protestantism and wars, eventually dividing his lands.

Who was Philip II?

King of Spain who defended Catholicism; his Spanish Armada was defeated by England in 1588.

Who was Henry IV (Henry of Navarre)?

First Bourbon king of France who ended religious wars and issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598.

Who was Cardinal Richelieu?

Louis XIII's chief minister who weakened nobles and Huguenots and strengthened royal power in France.

Who was Louis XIII?

French king who strengthened royal authority with Richelieu and entered the Thirty Years' War in 1635.

Who was Louis XIV?

France's Sun King who ruled by divine right, controlled nobles at Versailles, and revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685.

Who was Henry VIII?

English king who broke from the Catholic Church and made himself head of the Church of England.

Who was Mary I?

English queen who tried to restore Catholicism and persecuted Protestants.

Who was Elizabeth I?

Protestant queen of England whose forces defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588.

Who was James I?

First Stuart king of England who believed in divine right and clashed with Parliament.

Who was Charles I?

English king whose conflicts with Parliament caused the English Civil War; he was executed in 1649.

Who was Oliver Cromwell?

Led Parliament's Roundheads to victory in the Civil War and ruled England as Lord Protector.

Who was Charles II?

English king whose return to the throne in 1660 began the Restoration of the monarchy.

Who was James II?

Catholic English king removed during the Glorious Revolution of 1688.

Who were William and Mary?

English monarchs who accepted the 1689 Bill of Rights, strengthening Parliament and limiting royal power.

Who was Maria Theresa?

Austrian Habsburg ruler who defended her lands against Prussia and introduced reforms.

Who was Frederick the Great?

Prussian king who took Silesia from Austria, strengthened the military, and supported some reforms.

Who was Ivan the Terrible?

Russia's first crowned tsar who expanded territory, strengthened central rule, and harshly controlled nobles.

Who was Peter the Great?

Russian tsar who westernized Russia, modernized its military, gained Baltic Sea access, and founded St. Petersburg.

Who was Catherine the Great?

Russian ruler who expanded toward the Black Sea and Poland, supported some Enlightenment ideas, and maintained serfdom.