Chapter 9 quiz notes

Articulation

Where bones come together. Helps with flexibility and holds the skeleton together.

Functional Classification of Joints

Classifies joints based on how much they move

1. Synarthroses: Immovable joints. They don't move.

2. Amphiarthroses: Slightly movable joints.

3. Diarthroses: Freely movable joints.

Structural Classification of Joints

Structural Classification of Joints

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.

Fibrous Joints

Made up of fibers, have no joint cavity, and are generally immovable.

3 Types of Fibrous Joints

1. Sutures: Immovable joints between the skull bones.

2. Syndesmoses: Slightly movable joints with long collagen fibers connecting bone to bone.

3. Gomphoses: Immovable joints that hold the teeth in place.

Cartilaginous Joints

Bones connected by cartilage. No joint cavity.

2 Types of Cartilaginous Joints

Synchondroses and symphyses.

Synchondroses

Bones are connected by hyaline cartilage.

First ribs to the sternum and the epiphyseal plate.

Symphyses

Hold two bones together using fibrocartilage.

Between vertebrae at the intervertebral discs.

Synovial Joints

Freely movable joints (diarthroses). Most complex and can get injured easily.

6 Features of Synovial Joints

1. Articular cartilage: Hyaline cartilage that reduces friction.

2. joint cavity: Small space between the bones.

3. articular capsule: Dense, irregular connective tissue that wraps around the joint.

4. synovial fluid: Lubricates and nourishes hyaline cartilage and reduces friction.

5. ligaments: Connect bone to bone and reinforce the joint.

6. nerve/blood vessel supply: Synovial joints have a rich supply of nerves and blood vessels.

3 Stabilizing Factors of Synovial Joints

Shape of articular surfaces: helps stabilize the joint.

ligaments: Ligaments help stabilize the joint.

muscle tone: Helps keep the joint stable.

Bursa

Flat, fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction where tissues rub together.

Tendon Sheath

Wraps around the tendon and helps reduce friction.

Bursitis

Inflammation of the bursa, often caused by friction.

Tendonitis

Inflammation of the tendon.

Luxation

Complete dislocation of a joint. Causes pain, swelling, and inflammation.

Subluxation

Partial dislocation of a joint.

Nonaxial

Slipping or gliding movements of joints, like the wrist and ankle.

Uniaxial

Movement around one axis.

Biaxial

Movement around two axes.

Multiaxial

Movement around three axes.

6 Types of Synovial Joints

Plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket.

Arthritis

One of the most widespread crippling diseases in the U.S.

4 Types of Arthritis

Osteoarthritis:

• Wear-and-tear arthritis caused when hyaline cartilage breaks down.

• More common in women than men.

Rheumatoid arthritis:

• Autoimmune disease that affects more women and usually starts with joint pain.

• Inflammation and tissue changes develop around joint cartilage. Requires special treatment.

Gouty arthritis:

• Uric acid crystals build up in the joints, usually starting in the big toe.

• More common in older men.

• Rest or immobilize the painful joint, drink water, and avoid alcohol.

Lyme disease-related arthritis

• Infection caused by bacteria transmitted through an infected tick bite.

• rash, flu-like symptoms, joint pain, and arthritis.

• Antibiotics