Class 10 Social Science Master Revision Notes

Vocabulary flashcards covering core concepts, treaties, movements, and definitions across Class 10 History, Geography, Political Science (Civics), and Economics.

Frederic Sorrieu's Vision

A series of four prints prepared by French artist Frederic Sorrieu in $1848$ visualizing a utopian world composed of 'democratic and social Republics'.

Napoleonic Code (Civil Code of 1804)

A legal code that abolished feudal privileges based on birth, established equality before the law, secured property rights, simplified administrative divisions, and freed peasants from serfdom.

Treaty of Constantinople (1832)

The diplomatic treaty that concluded the Greek War of Independence and formally recognized Greece as an independent nation.

Rowlatt Act (1919)

A British legislative act that empowered the colonial government to detain political prisoners without trial for up to $2$ years.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

An incident on April $13$, $1919$, in Amritsar where General Dyer opened fire on an unarmed, peaceful crowd gathered at Jallianwala Bagh.

Non-Cooperation Movement

A mass protest movement ($1920$–$1922$) adopted at the Nagpur Session of Congress involving the boycott of foreign goods, schools, and courts, which was suspended after the Chauri Chaura incident in $1922$.

Civil Disobedience Movement

A nationwide movement initiated in $1930$ with Mahatma Gandhi's Dandi March to violate the colonial salt law, leading to the Gandhi-Irwin Pact of $1931$.

Rinderpest

A fast-spreading cattle plague that struck Africa in the late $1880\text{s}$, killing $90\%$ of the livestock and forcing Africans into colonial wage labor.

Bretton Woods Conference

A $1944$ post-war international framework that created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank to support global economic stability and reconstruction.

Sustainable Development

Development that satisfies current socio-economic needs without compromising the potential of future generations to meet their own needs, highlighted at the $1992$ Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit.

Black Soil (Regur Soil)

A moisture-retentive soil type characteristic of the Deccan trap region that is particularly suited for growing cotton.

Joint Forest Management (JFM)

An institutional approach in India that involves local rural communities in the management, protection, and restoration of degraded forests.

Multipurpose River Projects

Integrated river valley dam projects designed for flood control, irrigation, electricity generation, and fish breeding, proclaimed as the 'Temples of Modern India' by Jawaharlal Nehru.

Rabi Season

An agricultural cropping season in India where crops like wheat and barley are sown in winter and harvested in summer.

Kharif Season

An agricultural cropping season coinciding with the onset of the southwest monsoon, producing crops such as paddy, maize, and cotton.

Horizontal Power Sharing

The constitutional arrangement that allocates power among different organs at the same governmental tier: the Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary.

Majoritarianism

The political doctrine asserting that the majority community has the right to rule a country as it sees fit, disregarding minority interests, as occurred in post-independence Sri Lanka.

Democratic Decentralization

The transfer of governance power from central and state authorities to local bodies, formalized in India through the $73\text{rd}$ and $74\text{th}$ Constitutional Amendments.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A composite assessment tool published by the UNDP that ranks nations based on educational attainment, life expectancy and health, and per capita income.

Disguised Unemployment

A condition of underemployment where more individuals are working than strictly required, such that the marginal productivity of excess workers equals zero.

Double Coincidence of Wants

A necessary prerequisite of a barter economy where each trading party must desire the precise goods offered by the other party.

Collateral

An asset owned by a borrower—such as land, livestock, or savings—pledged to a lender as a security guarantee until the debt is settled.

Self-Help Groups (SHGs)

Voluntary associations of rural individuals who pool collective micro-savings to provide small, low-interest, collateral-free credit to their members.

Globalisation

The process of rapid economic integration and interconnectedness across international borders driven by foreign direct investment and foreign trade conducted by Multinational Corporations (MNCs).

World Trade Organisation (WTO)

An international organization established to oversee multilateral trade negotiations and promote the liberalization of international trade.