10th grade Biology Vocab

Prokaryote

A cell that does not contain nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote

A cell that contains nucleus and other organelles, each surrounded by a thin membrane

Organelles

A cell structure that performs a specific function of the cell

DNA

The material in the nucleus of a cell that contains all of the cell genetic information

Interphase

The phase of the cell cycle where cell perform its normal function and its genetic information is copied in preparation for cell division

Mitosis

The phase of the cell cycle where the DNA in the nucleus is divided; the first part of cell division

Cytokinesis

The stage of the cell cycle where the cytoplasm divides to form two identical cells; the final part of cell division

Chromosome

A structure in the cell nucleus that made up of a portion of the cell’s DNA, condensed into a structure that visible under the microscope

Chromatid

One of two identical strands of DNA that make up a chromosome

Cell

The smallest structures that are considered living. Some organisms have only one cell, while others have many

Asexual reproduction

The process of producing offspring that involves only one parent; the production of offspring that are genetically identical the parent

Sexual reproduction

The process of producing offspring by the fusion of two gametes which involves two parents; the production of offspring that have genetic information from each parents

Diffusion

A transport mechanism for moving chemicals in and out of the cell from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, due to the random movement

Concentration

The amount of substances (solute) present in a given volume of solution

Osmosis

The movement of a fluid, usually water, across a membrane toward a region of high solute concentration to a region of low solute concentration

Cancer

A board group of diseases that result in uncontrolled cell division

Tumour

A mass of cells that continous to grow and divide without any obvious function in the body

Metastasis

The process of cancer cells breaking away from the orignal tumour and estabilishing another tumour elsewhere in the body

Carcinogen

Any environmetal factor that causes cancer

Specialized cell

A cell that can perform a specific function

Cell theory

All living things are made up of one or more cells, cell is a basic unit of life, all cells come from pre exisiting cells

Movement

When cells move to find and collect the nutrients that they need to survive or to carry out other function

Respiration

Exchange of resrouces, involves using oxygen and sugar to make usable energy

Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable and internal environment

Growth

The irreversible change in mass

Reproduction

The creation of a new organism from exsiting organism(s)

Excretion

The removal of unnecessary subtances or waste from the cell

Nutrition

Substances that a cell needs to survive

Prophase

The formation of chromosomes and disappearance of nucleus

Metaphase

When chromosomes lined up along middle signal

Anaphase

Chromosomes are pulled up apart to opposite poles of the cell

Telophase

The presence of two nuclei / where new nuclear membranes form around the separated chromosomes.

Structure

What an object look like and how it is organized

Function

What an object does and how it is set up to work

Cytoplasm

The substance that fills inside of a cell, containing fluid, sugars, proteins and other molecules

Plasma membrane

The protective layer that surrounds the cell, controlling what enters and leaves

Centromere

The structure that holds chromatids together as chromosomes

Telomeres

The final phase of mitosis, in which the chromatids unwind and a nucleus membrane reforms around the chromosomes at each end of the cell

Cell cycle

The three stages through which a cell passes as it grows and divides

Parent cell

The original cell that divides to create new daughter cell

Daughter cell

One of two genetically ideatical, new cells that result from the division of one parent cell

Spindle fibers

Fibers that attach to chromosomes and pull them apart during cell division

Mitochondrion

a tiny, membrane-bound part inside a cell that turns food into chemical energy

Hierachy

An organizational structure with more complex or important things at the top and simpler or less important things below it

Tissues

A collection of similar that performs a particular, but limited function

Organs

A structure composed different tissues working together to perform a complex body function

Organism

A complex, living thing that made up of multiple organs system working together

Organ system

A system of one or more organs and structures that work together to perform a major vital body function such as digestion and reproduction

Stem cell

immune cells, muscle cells, sex cell, fat cell, bone cell, nervous cell, blood cell, epithelial cell

Epithelial Tissue

A thin sheet of tightly packed cells that covers the body surfaces and lining internal organs and body cavitiy

Connective Tissue

A specialize tissue that provides support and protection for various parts of the body

Muscle Tissue

A group of specialized tissues containing protein that can contract and enable the body to move

Nerve Tissue

Specialize tissue that conducts electric signal from one part of the body to another

Meristematic Cell

An undifferentiated plant cell that can divide and differentiate to form specialize cells

Epidermal Tissue

A thin layer of cells covering all non woody surface of the plant

Periderm Tissue

Tissue on the surface of plant that produces bark on stems and roots

Xylem

Vascular tissue in plants that transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves and stems of the plant

Phloem

Vascular tissue in plants that transport dissolved food material and hormones throughout the plant

Dermal Tissue

the tissues covering the outer surfaces of the plant

Vascular Tissue

The tissues responsible for conducting material within the plant

Ground Tissue

All plant tissues other than those that make up the dermal and vascular tissue systems

Diaphragm

A large muscle below the lungs that helps you breath when it contrast, air comes into lungs

Gas exchange

The process of taking oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange happens

Nasal cavity

The inside of your nose which warms, filters and moistern the air you breath

Capillaries

Tiny, thin walled blood vessel where gas exchange and nutrients exchange happen between the blood and tissues