AirLaw - Air Ops - Holding

How should hold turns be performed?

All turns should be at 25° bank or 3 degrees/second (rate1). Whichever is the lesser bank. (20° for circling (low alt approach)

Standard holds are right hand turns.

Methods of Joining:

3 Methods, based on the arrival route of aircraft, each sector has a 5° overlap, where either can be chosen

POD:
Sector 1: Parallel: 110° Sector
Sector 2: Offset: 70° Sector
Sector 3: Direct: 180° sector

Hold Turns and Straights - timing

14,000ft and below, the leg should not exceed 1 minute. Above 14,000ft 1 minute 30 seconds.

Where DME is available, the leg may be specified in distance.

Each leg and turn should be 1 minute each, 1 hold = 4 mins.

How to leave the hold?

ATC will give you a time to leave the hold, you should adjust the Leg length to be at the hold fix at the specific time exactly.

What should be adjusted for wind?

HDG and TIME is the answer (not SPEED).

What is the main concern about not flying a hold correctly?

Obstacle clearance is no longer guaranteed

Vertical separation between hold levels is: & buffer area?

1,000ft
buffer area is 5nm

Parallel Entry:

The sector is 110°.

1. fly over the fix

2. fly the reciprocal of the inbound (so fly opposite direction down the inbound)

3. maintain for 1 min

4. rate 1 turn to the left

5. return to fix or inbound leg.

6. at the fix turn right fly the holding pattern
   
   

Offset (Teardrop):

Sector is 70°.

1. enter the fix

2. turn 30° right into the centre of the hold

3. fly for 1 min

4. turn right to capture the hold track

5. fly to the fix, fly the pattern
   
   

Direct Entry

Cross the fix, turn right to the outbound heading and then you are in the hold.

How to find the entry (Question)

For standard right hand holds:
You need:
our heading/track towards the fix
The OUTBOUND track.

E.g approach Heading 190°, outbound 210°

1. Draw a DI with approach heading at the top

2. Draw a line from the heading to the centre

3. 90° to the right, then count back 20° (imagine covering with your thumb to move back 20°

4. draw line from that point to the reciprocal

5. name the sections POD. Small = O, Med = P , big = direct.

6. Draw in the OUTBOUND

7. This shows you it is in the offset section.

For left hand do the sane, but use left thumb on left side (so it will be +20 instead).