Social Studies Test 1

The Enlightenment

A period of time (mid-1600s to the late 1700s) in Western Europe when philosophers and writers applied the scientific idea of reason to answer political questions. The Enlightenment is sometimes known as the Age of Reason.

Social Contract

An agreement between people of a society to abide by laws and accept punishment.

The Estates General

The Estates General was a meeting where representatives from the French estates (the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners) gathered. The Estates General had not met since 1614. In May 1789, King Louis XVI called the three estates together to discuss the problems that France faced. Each estate only had one vote, but third estate feared that they would be overruled and outvoted by the first and second estates.

The Third Estate

Third estate, or the commoners, had the largest population, they did not receive what they felt was fair representation in the decision-making. They were the working class and overall the backbone of France’s prosperity.

Bourgeoisie

The wealthy, educated, non-nob;e members of the third estate who did not perform manual labor. Merchants, blankets, industrialists, lawyers, doctors, writers, etc.

Tennis Court Oath

When members of the National Assembly got to the chamber where they planned to meet on June 20, 1789, they found a tennis court nearby to meet where they took the Tennis Court Oath. In the oath, they promised to not disband until they created a new national constitution [a document that describes how a government operates] that would create a government that limited the power of the king and give the people more voice.

National Assembly

The third estate feared that they would be overruled and outvoted by the first and second estates. Because of this fear, the third estate broke away and formed the National Assembly in June 1789.

Deceleration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was adopted by the National Assembly on August 26, 1789. The document identifies the natural rights that its writers believed were granted to all people and it became a foundational document for the French Revolution.

Trial of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

Legal and political proceedings held during the French Revolution in 1792–1793. Both former monarchs were prosecuted for high treason and crimes against the state, leading to the end of the Bourbon monarchy and their executions by the guillotine

Reign of Terror

The Reign of Terror (June 1793 – July 1794) was a period during the French Revolution characterized by intense political repression and violence, largely orchestrated by the radical leaders of the Committee of Public Safety.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Haitian Revolution

Toussaint L’Overture

Toussaint L'Ouverture was one of the leaders of the Haitian revolution and the first black man to become governor of a colony.

Congress of Vienna

 The Congress of Vienna was an almost year-long series of meetings between the four victorious nations (Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia) and defeated France. They strived to bring back the monarchy, get rid of liberalism & stop revolutions, suppress nationalism, and prevent a strong France.

Unrest in Europe

Europe in the early to mid-19th century was marked by political movements that were either conservative, liberal, or nationalist. 

Nationalism

• The common bonds or connections brings people together

  • Language, culture, past experience, beliefs, etc.

• These people believe in self-determination 

  • (the right to rule themselves)

• An extreme connection that brings people together is the idea that you’re superior/better than others or that a common enemy brings you together

Conservatism

a return to tradition. In this case, the monarchy.

Liberalism

seeking change. In this case, democratic, Enlightenment based change. 

Nationalist

People seeking the right to rule themselves-–self-determination. Nationalism motivated these people to want to self-rule as opposed to another nation, culture, or people to rule over them. 

Latin American Revolution

Casta System

Simón Bolivar

German Unification

Italian Unification

What are the three main components of a thesis driven response?

historical context, facts/explanation of term, and significance

To what extent can the French Revolution be considered successful?

To what extent did the changes made by the Congress of Vienna create lasting peace?

To what extent did nationalism motivate the revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries? You may consider any revolutions we have discussed since the French Revolution on.

To what extent were the Latin American revolutions successful in creating democracies based on Enlightenment ideas