Chapter 16 Study Cards

In 1511 this person sailed from Europe to southern tip of Africa to explore East Indies

Ferdinand Magellan

Of Magellan's voyage across the world, only this boat survived

Victoria

This person opened new routes from South Atlantic to Africa, Brazil, and trade of the Indian Ocean

Ferdinand Magellan

Wealth and power moved from Asia to the ______ kingdoms.

European

Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines as well as coastal regions of Thailand, southern Vietnam, Cambodia, and Hainan (China) shared what linguistic root?

Austronesian

The early peoples of maritime were the _____

Malayo/Malay

In 350 two direct sea routes between ______ and the ________ through the Straits of Malacca and Sunda were opened by Chinese and Arabs.

Sri Lanka and South China Sea

Monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean allowed maritime voyagers to reach East Africa where they settled in ______

Madagascar

_____, _____, ____, were traded across the Indian Ocean.

Spices, gold, aromatic woods

Spices were sent as far west as ____.

Rome

What were the e Malay ships used in early trade

jongs

Arabs used which boat in Indian Ocean Trade

dhows

Chinese used which boat in Indian Ocean Trade

junks

The descendants of settling Austronesian migrants are known as ____

Lapitas

Lapitas eventually colonized this subregion of islands in the pacific

Melanesisa

Lapitas also settled in these 3 islands

Tonga, Fiji and Samoa

Polynesian (Lapita) populations moved east from Tonga, Samoa, and Fiji to Colonise the ______ and the ______ archipelgagos

Marquesas, Cook and Society

Eventually long distance voyages Polynesisan led to the settlement of modern day ______.

Hawaii

Polynesian social life was usually organized around villages controlled by hereditary _____.

Chiefs

________ ______ controlled its archipelago leading to abundance of resources for traveling.

Tonpan Polity

Fishing and regional trading voyages were mixed with long distance exploration by seafarers from ____ and _____

Tahiti, Marquesas

Polynesians came from Easter Island eventually arrived and settled in _______.

Marquesas

Polynesian settlers from the Cook and Society islands arrived and settled in this modern day country

island

Polynesians also made contact with mainland South America passing _____ and receiving _____ _______.

chickens, sweet potatoes

The separation from other Polynesians on ___ ______ and ______ _______ led to the formation of new dialects and regional culture

New Zealand, Easter Island

Large Polynesians ships carried staple ____ and ____ crucial to the creation of settlements.

livestock, crops

Livestock cargo of the polynesians included ___, ___, _____,

pigs, dogs, chickens

Plant cargo of the polynesians included _____, ____, ___, ___,

taro, bananas, yams, breadfruit

Hawaii had originally had _______ which were converted into farmland using controlled burns

low

Polynesian settlers of Hawaii build these to help with fish yields

fish ponds

These three Polynesian settlements were extremely competitive and usually violent.

Hawaii, Tonga, New Zealand

The best mariners of the Atlantic in the early Middle Ages were the _____.

Vikings

Vikings first settled in _____ before making a colony on ______.

Iceland, Greenland

Vikings are credited for accidentally seeing which body of land?

North America

This person established a Viking colony on the island Newfoundland.

Leif Ericsson

This colony created on Newfoundland was later abandoned during the cooling of climate in 1200.

Vinland

Genoese and Portuguese expeditions found and settled the islands of ____, the _____, and the _____ in the Atlantic ocean.

Madeira, Azores, Canaries

What navigational instrument used for marine exploration was created in China

Magnetic Compass

This was a Arab or Greek invention that found latitude and longitude.

Astrolabe

What ship was used by the Portuguese to sail the oceans?

Caravel

These Dutch ships meant for cargo and low costs to assist with Indian Ocean trade.

Fluyts

This person was a Sryian geographer who described the passing of Mansa Musa Egypt on his pilgrimage to Mecca.

al

_____ ________, predecessor of Mansa Musa sent and eventually went on a voyage around the world.

Mansa Muhammed

The _____ were Amerinidians who settled in the Lesser Antilles, Great Antilles, and the Bahamas.

Arawak/Taino

What was the name of the island cluster consisting of Barbados, Martinique, and Guadeloupe.

Lesser Antilles

The ______ _______ consisted of Cuba, Hispaniola, and Jamaica.

Greater Antilles

The _____ followed the same routes and later overran and raided the Arawak in the Antilles.

Carib

Carib and the Arawak made contact with which large land mass?

North America

This plant was eventually transferred to South America after domestication of Meso

America.

Pottery, copper, gold, silver jewelry, and textiles were carried from the coast of _____.

Ecuador

Sacred _______ (Spiny Oyster) shells were carried south against the winds.

spondylus

Amerindians mariners traded and moved on large rafts made of this type of wood.

Balsa

What key development of Mesoamerica was a direct result of Amerindian contact?

Metallurgy

Northern ____ played a big part in trade across Europe, while the state itself did not explore a lot individual members did.

Italy

These Italian states had commercial ties to the Mediterranean and depended on alliances with Muslims for trade from the east.

Venice and Genoa

Iberian kingdoms had fierce rivalry with Muslim nations. Eventually the Iberian kingdoms of Portugal, Castile, and Aragon had reconquered Iberia except for the kingdom of _____.

Granada

Isabel of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon married to form a centralized and unified kingdom of _____.

Spain

______ was reconquered after the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabel.

Granada

Muslim city of _____ was captured in North Africa by the Portuguese and gave intelligence on gold trade.

Ceuta

Prince _____ funded several expeditions and had a large impact on European exploration

Henry

This was a city in Algarve where Henry sponsored and funded the study of navigation.

Sagres

Pioneering captains were held back by fears of South Atlantic waters containing hazards like boiling water or extreme ocean currents. Eventually Henry got them to explore past ______ ______.

Southern Morocco

It took four decades for the Portuguese to go from _____ to ______.

Lisbon, Sierra Leone

The _____ was a gold coin issued after the Portuguese were able to partake in the African gold trade.

cruzado

____ ______ was a Lisbon merchant who purchased 350 miles of African coast in return for establishing a trade monopoly.

Fernao Gomes

___ _____ was discovered by Fernao Gomes and it laid on the equator. It became a slave

labor based sugar plantation

____ _____ was a region of Atlantic African coast found by Gomes that exported a lot of gold.

Gold Coast

_________ _____ was the first Portuguese explorer to round the southern tip of Africa and enter the Indian Ocean in 1488.

Bartolomeu Dias

____ __ _____ (hint: de) later sailed around Africa and India in 1497

1498.

Under the command of _____ _____ ____, 1500 ships on their way to India sailed too far west and found South America, later creating an extremely rich Portuguese Colony.

Pedro Alvares Cabral

This South American Portuguese colony was extremely wealthy.

Brazil

In order to establish trade impressions, the Portuguese wore their best clothes, had a reception platform and celebrated their ceremony to negotiate a ______ ____ in coastal Africa.

trading fort

_________ was an African king who gave permission to Portugal for the construction of a small trading fort. He described previous Portuguese travelers as "few, foul and vile".

Caramansa

Saint George of the Mine, later known as ______, was the Portuguese and African sponsored trading fort which generated revenue for both sides.

Elmina

_____ in the Niger Delta was a kingdom which engaged in trade with the Portuguese, sent ambassadors to Portugal, and later had a monopoly.

Benin

The king of Benin was known as the ___.

oba

Benin traded ______, _____ _____, _____ _____, ________, and ________ __ ___ to the Portuguese.

pepper, ivory tusks, stone beads, textiles, prisoners of war

In return for its goods, Benin received ______ and _____, fine ________, _____ _____, and a _____ for the king.

copper, brass, textiles, glass beads, horse

The oba first raised the price of ________ ______ before imposing restrictions on their sale.

enslaved people

African rulers usually preferred European ________ over spears and arrows.

firearms

Coastal African rulers tested the values of _________ beliefs and values of the Portuguese.

Christian

Which two African kingdoms accepted Portuguese missionaries and soldiers to test the Christian religion and European weapons?

Benin and the Kongo

Benin and other African states ultimately declined the ________ faith and later closed the market for enslaved _____.

Catholic, males

The king of the Kongo was known as the _________.

Manikongo

The Manikongo lost stability and the monopoly on the slave trade after people began to ______ people just for the slave trade.

kidnap

______ _, a Christian manikongo, sent a letter to the king of Portugal asking for aid, but none came.

Afonso I

_______, an African port city, aided Vasco da Gama with a pilot to guide him to India and was later spared in a Portuguese raid on the coast.

Malindi

Portugal initiated voyages hoping to form an alliance with a mythological African Christian prince named _______ ____.

Prester John

The Muslim state of ____ launched a furious assault on Ethiopia and reduced it to a critical state.

Adal

_____ ______ of Ethiopia sent a letter to Portugal along with two tiny crucifixes said to be made of wood from the cross.

Queen Helena

In 1539 ___________ __ ____, son of Vasco da Gama, aided Ethiopia against the Muslim threat at the cost of his own life.

Christopher da Gama

Ethiopia and Portugal could not form a permanent alliance because Ethiopia followed the patriarch of __________ while Portugal followed the Latin patriarch of Rome (the pope).

Alexandria

Vasco da Gama arrived at _______ on the Malabar Coast in May 1498.

Calicut

Vasco da Gama's initial gifts were laughed at by the _______ (king) of Calicut for being meager.

samorin

Portugal intended to have a ________ on Indian Ocean trade.

monopoly

The Portuguese bombarded the _______ coast in 1505 and then ____ on the west coast of India in 1510.

Swahili, Goa

___________ ________ was a Genoese explorer who led Spain's overseas mission and claimed the land he found was simply a shorter route to India.

Christopher Columbus

Columbus' expedition to the West was eventually agreed to by King ________ of Aragon.

Ferdinand

Columbus' expedition was spurred by an incorrect assumption of the westward distance from the ________ to _____.

Canaries, Japan

The three ships Columbus traveled with were the _____ _____, the ____, and the _____.

Santa Maria, Nina, Pinta