Free Radical Substitution

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9 Terms

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Homolytic Fission

  • Covalent bond breaks evenly

  • Each atom takes two bonding electrons to form two free radicals


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Heterolytic Fission

  • One atom takes both shared electrons

  • Forms on anion and one cation


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Free Radical

Species that contains an unpaired electron

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Electrophile

A species that is attracted to a region of high electron density

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Curly arrows

  • Used to show movement of electrons

  • Must start from lone pair, bond, or negative charge

  • Represents breaking a bond when drawn from a bond

  • Represents forming a bond when drawn to the bond

  • Half arrow used for free radical substitution mechanisms


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Stages of substitution mechanism

  1. Initiation

  2. Propagation

  3. Termination


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initiation

  • UV radiation needed

  • Provides energy to start homolytic fission

  • Produces highly reactive free radicals


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Propagation

  • Radicals consumed then regenerated

  • This can carry on as a chain reaction if there is a constant supply of alkane, halogen, and UV light


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Termination

Two radicals collide and become one molecule