BIO Midterm MC questions

Are fungal spores produced sexually or asexually?

both

How long ago did bacteria appear on Earth?

3.5-4 bya

When did cyanobacteria first appear on Earth?

2.7-3.5 bya

On dry islands in the Galapagos, which type of tortoises survived?

saddle-shaped

In the Primordial Soup Theory, which molecules were highly concentrated in Earth’s early atmosphere?

C, H, H2O, NH3

What building blocks of life were produced in the Miller-Urey Experiment?

amino acids

What functions of RNA support the RNA World Theory?

catalysis, self-replication, information storage

What is the major drawback of the RNA World Hypothesis?

RNA is unstable in water

How is a proton gradient created near deep sea hydrothermal vents?

Hot, alkaline water from hydrothermal vents combines with cold, acidic seawater

Are most microbes thermophiles (hot loving), psychrophiles (cold loving), or does it depend?

thermophiles

Which aspect of Panspermia cannot be proved?

that extraterrestrial life was transported to Earth

When did the first funghi originate?

800-1000 mya

What is the largest fungus on Earth?

humungous fungus

What is the term for single-celled fungi?

yeasts

What are the pored structures that separate hyphae?

septa

What are mushrooms (the fruiting body of fungi) made of?

hyphae

Why do fungi thrive in moist environments?

to keep hyphae hydrated

What is the molecule that fungi evolved to effienciently decompose?

lignin

What species do lichen consist of?

fungi and algae/cyanobacteria

What species do mycorrhizae consist of?

fungi and angiosperms

Is the chytrid fungus long-lasting in the environment?

yes, it survives for weeks as spores

What stage does fungi asexual reproduction occur?

haploid

What happens in plasmogamy in fungi reproductive cycle?

haploid mycelia fuse to form a dikaryotic mycelium

What happens in karyogamy in the fungi reproductive cycle?

haploid basidia nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus

What is a monophyletic group?

a biological group consisting of a single common ancestor and all of its descendants

What species are in the plantae/archaeplastidia group?

land plants, red/green algae

What species are considered opisthokonts?

animals, fungi

Can opisthokonts photosynthesize?

no

When did oxygenic photosynthesis first occur?

2.5-3 bya

Which of the following statements about chloroplasts is false?

they rely on cell division to replicate

What is the maximum amount of membranes that a chloroplast acquired through secondary endosymbiosis can have?

4

What biological group makes the most O2 today?

prokaryotes

What do phytoplankton consist of?

cyanobacteria and single-celled protists

How many membranes do the chloroplasts in brown algae have?

4

What is a brown algae individual called?

thallus

Why is kelp able to grow so rapidly?

kelp doesn’t combat gravity in the ocean

What occurs in alternation of generations?

alternation between haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) forms

What carotanoid pigment gives red algae its color?

phycoerythrin

What color light does red algae’s carotanoid pigment absorb?

blue

What species is known for damaging coralline red algae?

parrotfish

When was the archean eon?

2.5-4 bya

When is the earliest sedimentary rock said to have come from?

3.5 bya

How do heterotrophs obtain energy?

from consuming organic compounds

What are the types of protists that partially make up phytoplankton called?

dinoflagellates and diatoms