Thẻ ghi nhớ: IEI-AD-Science

analyse (v)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

Study or examine something in detail, in order to discover more about it.

(We need to look at what went wrong, .............................. the problem, and come up with a solution.)

genetic engineering

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

(the science of) changing the structure of the genes of a living thing in order to make it healthier, stronger, or more useful to humans.

(The use of ..................................... to produce pest resistant transgenic plants represents one of many current approaches aimed at increasing agricultural productivity.)

breakthrough (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

An important discovery or event that helps to improve a situation or provide an answer to a problem.

(Scientists are hoping for a ........................ in the search for a cure for cancer.)

molecular biology

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

Field of science concerned with studying the chemical structures and processes of biological phenomena that involve the basic units of life, molecules.

(Advances in .................................. and cancer genetics have contributed greatly to the development of therapies that provide cell-targeted treatment.)

a technophobe (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

Someone who dislikes new technology, especially computers, and is not able to use it with confidence.

(In such a world, there will no longer be any ............................ or computer illiterates-everyone will use a computer.)

cybernetics

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

The scientific study of how information is communicated in machines and electronic devices, comparing this with how information is communicated in the brain and nervous system.

(Most importantly, ....................................... was trumpeted as a universal science of government that would help to guide the social organization necessary for modernization.)

nuclear engineering

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

The branch of engineering concerned with the application of breaking down atomic nuclei (fission) or of combining atomic nuclei (fusion), or with the application of other sub-atomic processes based on the principles of nuclear physics.

(Compared to more traditional engineering disciplines, the field of ................................ is a new addition to university educational programs.)

life expectancy

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

The length of time that a living thing, especially a human being, is likely to live.

(.................................. is the major factor influencing senior life insurance premiums.)

a technophile

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

A person who is interested in modern technology and enjoys using it.

(........................... enjoy using technology and focus on the egocentric benefits of technology rather than seeing the potential issues associated with using technology too frequently. )

penicillin (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

A type of antibiotic (= a medicine that kills bacteria).

(The discovery of ........................... was a major step forward in the treatment of infections.)

proliferation

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

The fact of something increasing a lot and suddenly in number or amount.

(The ....................... of wireless and broadband services is continuing.)

mishap (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

Bad luck, or an unlucky event or accident.

(A series of ...................... led to the nuclear power plant blowing up)

pharmaceutical (a) (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

Relating to the production of medicines.

(The British ...................................... giant AstraZeneca employs about 5,000 people in the town.)

bleach (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

A strong chemical used for cleaning things or removing colour from things.

(They used .................... to kill any germs in the sink and drain.)

detergent (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

A chemical substance in the form of a powder or a liquid for removing dirt from clothes, dishes, etc.

(Natural and organic formulas are often slightly gentler for daily use, but for combating an oily cradle cap-prone scalp a slightly harsher ...................... may be necessary.)

antifreeze (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

A liquid that is added to water in order to lower the temperature at which it freezes, used especially in car radiators (= cooling systems) in very cold weather.

(Check the level of coolant and that you have enough ..................)

absorb (v)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

Take something in, especially gradually.

(The drug is quickly ..................... into the bloodstream.)

petrochemical (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

Any chemical substance obtained from petroleum or natural gas.

(Both the ......................... and the recycling industries within the plastic sector rely on imports to supplement their present production levels to meet local demand for final plastic products.)

addictive (a)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

An addictive activity or food is one that you cannot stop doing or eating once you have started.

(The problem with video games is that they're ...............)

radiation (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

A form of energy that comes from a nuclear reaction and that can be very dangerous to health.

(Residents argued that electromagnetic ...................... emitted by the radar towers might pose a health hazard.)

toxic (a)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

Poisonous.

(The company has cut .................. chemicals from its printing process.)

hydrocarbon (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

A chemical combination of hydrogen and carbon, such as in oil or petrol.

(There is a need to understand the fate and behaviour of ..................... contaminants in these extreme systems.)

metalloid (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

A chemical element with some of the properties of a metal and some of a non-metal, for example silicon and arsenic.

(Germanium is usually considered to be a .................. rather than a metal.)

dosage (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

The amount of medicine that you should take at one time.

(He was confused with the ....................... instruction given by the doctor for this hypoglycaemic tablet.)

immense (a)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

Extremely large in size or degree.

(They spent an .................. amount of time getting the engine into perfect condition.)

food chain

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

A series of living things that are connected because each group of things eats the group below it in the chain.

(In fact, through irrigation, the microorganisms present in the water can contaminate crops, then pass into the ............... and eventually infect humans.)

urban myth

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

A story or statement that is not true but is often repeated, and believed by many to be true.

(It was somewhat equivalent to the ................... that we have read about in the newspapers.)

via

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

Going through or stopping at a place on the way to another place.

(I sent the application papers .............. fax.)

evidence-based data

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

Information supported by a large amount of scientific research.

(Health risk assessment of chemical mixtures can be complex and it is often very expensive to get sufficient .......................... data for proper evaluation.)

antioxidant (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

A substance that slows down the rate at which something decays because of oxidization.

(Vitamin C's ................ activity may help boost immune function and may make some people feel better.)

nanotechnology (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

An area of science that deals with developing and producing extremely small tools and machines by controlling the arrangement of separate atoms.

(Technological innovations in the future, we are told, that use .......................... will involve products that will be 1000 times smaller.)

antibiotic (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

A medicine or chemical that can destroy harmful bacteria in the body or limit their growth.

(I'm taking ......................... for a throat infection.)

contagious (a)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

A contagious disease can be caught by touching someone who has the disease or a piece of infected clothing.

(If the disease is ...................., it could then begin spreading again among non-vaccinated individuals.)

pesticide (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

A chemical substance used to kill harmful insects, small animals, wild plants, and other unwanted organisms.

(The ................. that farmers spray on their crops kill pests, but they can also damage people's health.)

vicinity (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

The area immediately surrounding something.

(There are several hotels in the immediate ..................... of the station.)

acidity (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

The amount of acid in a substance or in your stomach.

(This low pH level clearly shows the ................... of the soil here. )

eradicate (v)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

Get rid of something completely or destroy something bad.

(The disease that once claimed millions of lives has now been ...................)

enhancer (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

Something that is used to strengthen or improve the quality of something. Enhancer is usually used as a combining form.

(I don't like to use artificial flavour-.................... in my cooking.)

probable (a)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

Likely to be true or likely to happen.

(The doctor said that the most ...................... cause of death was heart failure. )

Functional foods (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

Foods that offer health benefits beyond their nutritional value.

(Although there is evidence that certain ......................... or food ingredients can play a role in disease prevention and health promotion, safety considerations should be paramount.)

probiotic bacteria (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

Live microorganisms, which when ingested or locally applied in sufficient numbers confer one or more specified demonstrated health benefits for the host.

(.................... bacteria have many beneficial health effects, and one of them is their ability to bind aflatoxin.)

taurine (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

A type of amino acid (= one of the chemical substances found in plants and animals that combine to make proteins).

(Because ...................... is utilized by the body during exercise and in times of stress, it's become a popular ingredient in energy drinks.)

saturated fat (n)

Sub-topic: Scientific discovery.

A type of fat found in meat, eggs, milk, cheese, etc. that is thought to be bad for your health.

(There is a particular relationship between fat intake, including .................... fat, and the development of breast cancer.)

communication satellite (n)

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

A satellite placed in orbit around the earth in order to relay television, radio, and phone signals. .

(............................... are vital for remote areas that do not have access to traditional landlines for telephone or Internet services.)

Space debris (n) = space junks = space pollution = space waste = space trash = space garbage

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

Unwanted objects or material left in space by human activity, such as pieces of old or destroyed equipment.

(Because of the high speeds at which objects orbit Earth, a collision with even a small piece of ........................ can damage a spacecraft.)

exposure (n)

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

The fact of experiencing something or being affected by it because of being in a particular situation or place.

(Even a brief ..................... to radiation is very dangerous.)

Unmanned spacecraft

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

Spacecraft without people on board, used for unmanned spaceflight.

(............................. may have varying levels of autonomy from human input, they may be remote controlled, remote guided or even autonomous)

weightlessness (n)

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

The state of having or appearing to have no weight; the fact of not being affected by gravity (= the force that makes things fall to the ground).

(The observed effects of ................... include motion sickness, cardiovascular deconditioning, red blood cell mass loss, and bone mineral loss.)

Space technology

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

Technology for use in travel or activities beyond Earth's atmosphere, for purposes such as spaceflight or space exploration.

(.............................. developed so that spacecraft and humans could function in this environment that is so different from the Earth's surface.)

space tourism

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

The practice of traveling into space for recreational purposes.

(Spaceflight is used in space exploration, and also in commercial activities like .......................... and satellite telecommunications.)

witness (v) (n)

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

A person who sees an event happening, especially a crime or an accident.

(Recent years have ..................... a growth in religious fundamentalism.)

imperceptible (a)

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

Unable to be noticed or felt because of being very slight.

(When they brought her in to the emergency room, her breathing was .................)

minuscule (a)

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

Extremely small.

(Nanotechnologists have already, by moving the atoms about, made the smallest switches that herald the time when microscopic computers or ......................... robots will be produced.)

infinitesimal (a)

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

Extremely small.

(Even in ........................ amounts, this poison can kill you.)

immeasurable (a)

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

So large or great that it cannot be measured or known exactly.

(The new medicine has brought about an ................... improvement in her life.)

colossal (a)

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

Extremely large.

(Earthquakes reflect the means whereby continents are assembled and broken apart, sometimes involving slivers migrating vast distances, and ........................ rejigging of surface environments.)

fleeting (a)

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

Short or quick.

(He had a ................. moment of panic but quickly recovered.)

protract (v)

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

Make something last for a long time or last longer than necessary.

(Research indicates recovery from financial crisis can be ........................., with lengthy periods of high unemployment and substandard economic growth.)

dilute (v)

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

Make a liquid weaker by mixing in something else.

(You should always ............... juice that you serve to children.)

dissolve (v)

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

(of a solid) to be absorbed by a liquid, especially when mixed, or (of a liquid) to absorb a solid.

(Sugar is a soluble substance, which means that it ................... in water.)

evaporate (v)

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

Cause a liquid to change to a gas, especially by heating.

(Plants keep cool during the summer by ....................... water from their leaves.)

repel (v)

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

(of a material) to not allow a substance to be absorbed into it.

(This coat has a special surface that ...................... moisture.)

corrode (v)

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

If metal corrodes, or if something corrodes it, it is slowly damaged by something such as rain or water.

(Steel tends to ...................... faster in a salty atmosphere.)

illusion (n)

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

Something that is not really what it seems to be.

(A large mirror in a room can create the .......................... of space.)

condensation (n)

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

The drops of water that appear on cold windows or other surfaces, as a result of hot air or steam becoming cool.

(We get a lot of ............................ on the walls in the winter.)

protracted (a)

Sub-topic: Space and physics. Lasting for a long time or made to last longer than necessary. While this is not a major factor during the acute phase of the disease, it will contribute to the disease process in more ................ cases.

revolve (v)

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

Move or cause something to move around a central point or line.

(The earth .................... around the sun, roughly in a circle.)

immense (a)

Sub-topic: Space and physics.

Extremely large in size or degree.

(They spent an ................... amount of time getting the engine into perfect condition.)