5 - Spain Madrid 2 tales of 2 cities

growth of cities vs. urbanizatiom

not the same

urbanization

• Increase in proportion of a population that is urban as opposed to rural (Kingsley Davis)

. • City becomes primary unit of social organization.

• - major cities @ this time = not in Europe = eg tenochitlan, cairo, zim. = dicerese

• - Europe = awestruck = pre modern cities influenced modern European cities

Growth of cities→Urbanization

Europe is emerging from being a cultural backwater.

• Medieval European cities were characterized by an easy reciprocity between urban commerce and agricultural pursuits.

• The early modern period sees the rise of absolutist monarchies and beginning of a new economy.

– Decay of medieval urban unity

.– World expansion of markets.

• New rulers built their royal palaces outside of traditional urban centers

– Intervened in urban fabric

church + arc

solve social issues

absolute monarchies —> displacing old feudal societies

new capatalios market

• decay of old money

weralth = inc capatalist = inc exploreres = inc capital = rulers built palace on occupied urban cities = permenant capitals public infrastructure = power

al-andalus/spain

beginning of colonization

role in Renaissance - text from Europe came from SPain

• lots of old treatieses transltaed to arabic (preserved)

translated back after exploration —> Europe

• muslim world = preserved

end of granada = end of rich

painting

Jesuits/Islam = convereted

auto deface = public display of death

miscultureal

hypostyle hall - program = church used 2 be mosque

mosque w chuirch element

mihrab = not pt to Mecca = pt to South

spolia

no strict hierarchy

st. james, the moor slayer, inside the chapel of the mezquita-catedral, cordob

moor slayer

inside chapel Mezquita cordoba

• built cathedral —> mosque

• 
  

la mezquita del cristo de la luz (musa ibn ali, toledo, 999CE/1186CE)

geomtric motif = facade- diff from chritsina

has geomtric

sinagoga de santa maría la blanca (12 century CE/15th century CE

sinagog = church = juxtapositonof Xhritsian + synagog elemnts

hypostyle

gallery —> mosque —> sangog

san juan de los reyes (juan guas, toledo, 1499CE)

mauseloeum 4 King + Queen

arabic coffering in Christian Spar.

upper cloisters

mudejar -

mudejar

craftmenshp - chritian symbol in arab gemoerty

alhambra, granada, 889-1958CE (palacio generalife/ال ْ عَر ِ يف جَ نَّة jannat al-‘arīf/architect’s garden/paradise, 14th century CE)

alhambra, granada, 889-1958CE (palacio generalife/ال ْ عَر ِ يف جَ نَّة jannat al-‘arīf/architect’s garden/paradise, 14th century CE)

water = arc element = resoviour = outside city = Palace of Lions

every ruler built smyt here

• even Charles V = used crude geometry

charles V/charles I/carlos I(holy roman emperor/spanish emperor) (1500 1558CE

_ alhambra granada

Palacio de Carlos Quinto

palace of charles v (pedro machuca, granada, 1533-1637-1958CE

facade

South front - rustiftcaion = highe rup = smootj

twin pilaster = cornerm singke pilaster

2nd foloor = piano = pedimnet

o WIdnows aboive square windows

rhythem interrupted = portico>

oalladian windows = triumpial arch look

differnert orders iconic w volute

above = corinithian coloums

lower = doric

above classical entablature

Interior:L pa;ace of loggia

palace of charles v (pedro machuca, granada, 1533-1637-1958CE

interior

loggia

circle within square

Spain context

no permenant home

capital —> madrid —> before it was a arabic fotress town

phillip = new palace = old was 2 south = wasnet politically neutral

Temple of Solomon (957 BCE), Juan Bautista Villalpondo, Ezechielem explanationes et apparatus urbis ac temple Hierosolimitani, 1604

Temple of Solomon (957 BCE), Juan Bautista Villalpondo, Ezechielem explanationes et apparatus urbis ac temple Hierosolimitani, 1604

rulers obssed w rebuilding

Phillip 2 = very relifious - palace form of monetary

• palcde bheind church = arranged bhknd cambers

• - look at chapel front from Kings Chamber all these structures = forecourt

el escorial (juan batista de toledo and juan de herrera, madrid, 1563-1584)

Plan

• Plan: gridded layout, grand dome

• Advocated estilo desornamentado (“undecorated style”) → classicism fostered correct religious and governmental conduct.

• Program included:royal mausoleum

  • Grand dome church (center) 

  • Monastery for 100 monks

  • Religious college and royal palace

  • Hospital, grand plaza, and office blocks surrounding the convent

open court King

behind king = church chamber

moduled after mo chamber. look down at church

auster mannerism

• Philip’s personal devotion: his bedroom window faced the altar, symbolizing his lifelong vision of divine mission.

el escorial (juan batista de toledo and juan de herrera, madrid, 1563-1584)

facade

• Material: granite blocks → difficult to carve, reinforcing austerity.

• Facades stripped to essentials → monumental, severe, and disciplined.

• Southern elevation: long, unbroken plane overlooking terraced gardens and fishery; 46 bays repeated uniformly.

• Western façade: more articulated portal inspired by Serlio’s treatise—two tiers of colossal paired half‑columns (lower Doric, upper Ionic joined by volutes). Crowned by a triangular entablature; 

• most ornament reserved for corner tower roofs.

Madird

as capital move here - pop inc\new citiznes = servents, military, staff

• new morphology 2 the city

plaza mayor, juan de herrera and fernando de mora, madrid, 1590s-1630s C

plaza mayor, juan de herrera and fernando de mora, madrid, 1590s-1630s C

made in madrid a capital

integated thru lixirary ecnomu

cermonioal + execistopm

most for merchant bus casa de la panderia

• Plaza Mayor, Valladolid (rebuilt 1561 after fire): rectangular void with uniform arcades, 2:3 proportions.

• Plaza Mayor, Madrid (begun 1590): sloping part of town - leveled site, enclosed by arcades, no central monument (diff from other italian precedent) 

  • 2:3 proportions.

casa de la panaderia, juan gómez de mora, plaza mayor, madrid, 1619C

casa de la panaderia, juan gómez de mora, plaza mayor, madrid, 1619C

used for

rebuilt x2 bc of fire

facade = artcilaye palaza = order

minimal decor = iches = royal form

classical 1.2 coloums onb base G floor, tyurrest enaged coloums

tuurets = set it apart form other buuilding in Palazzo

brick fresco - whole surface os ised for

• Panadería (bakery): Doric half‑columns, turrets with Habsburg roofs. - only building of distinction - paid by the king 

• Other buildings: four stories, regular windows, severe uniformity.

• Functioned like a mosque’s sahn—internally coherent, independent of street alignments.

hasburg family

brought many things to MAeirca

citure eocneocmu

reflious idelofy materials labor ad dieases

rise during cathoic spain

Ideological Outcome+ Coloinial Influcne

• Philip II

• Spanish urbanism exported order, symmetry, and civic hierarchy to colonial towns.

• Philip II’s Christian classicism defined Spain as a disciplined, theocratic state.

• Despite modernization in maritime and military organization, culture remained religiously conservative.

• Inquisition suppressed Protestant influence; the economy stagnated under religious and territorial obsessions