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What was the primary societal structure in Europe during the 14th-15th centuries?

Most Europeans lived in small villages.

How did peasant farmers in Europe manage their land?

Peasant farmers owned separate plots of land but worked the fields communally.

What roles did men and women play in farming during this period?

Men did most of the field work, while women helped with planting and harvest.

In some regions of Europe, what tasks were men and women responsible for regarding livestock and childcare?

Men herded livestock, and women cared for children.

What was the cultural significance of hunting in 14th-15th century European societies?

Hunting was not a major part of their culture since Europeans kept livestock.

What was the social status of women in 14th-15th century Europe?

European women held inferior social, religious, and economic positions but wielded power in their households.

What was the dominant religion in Europe during the 14th-15th centuries?

Christianity.

How did allegiance to the Catholic Church manifest among Europeans?

Europeans were nominally Catholic, but many adhered to local beliefs.

What behavior did kings exhibit towards the church?

Kings allied with the church when beneficial but often acted independently.

What was the impact of the Black Death in 1346?

It devastated Europe, leading to the death of ⅓ of the population.

When did the Black Death recur with intensity after its initial occurrence?

In the 1360s and 1370s.

What major conflict took place between France and England in the 14th-15th centuries?

The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453).

How did the Hundred Years’ War affect trade routes?

It interrupted overland trade routes and created the need for a maritime route for trade.

What were some of the new inventions that emerged during this period?

Triangular sail, compass, astrolabe, and quadrant.

What was the purpose of the astrolabe?

To measure latitude.

What changes occurred politically in England after the Hundred Years’ War?

An increase in taxes and new pride in national identity.

Who founded the Tudor dynasty and when?

Henry VII founded the Tudor dynasty in 1485.

What was Charles VII's role in relation to France?

He unified France.

What significant military victory occurred in 1492 involving Ferdinand and Isabella?

They defeated the Muslims in the al-Andalus region of Portugal and Spain.

What technological innovation was invented in Germany in the 1450s?

Movable type and the printing press.

How did the printing press impact European curiosity?

It stimulated curiosity about the New World.

What are the titles of two important texts related to geography and exploration?

Ptolemy’s Geography (1475) and Marco Polo’s Travels (1477).

What were the motives for exploration among European countries?

Desire for African and Asian luxuries and spreading Christianity through missionaries.

What was one of the religious objectives of European exploration?

To convert “heathens” to Catholicism.