HC8: Scenarios

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Last updated 1:05 PM on 10/15/26
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15 Terms

1
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Scenarios

→ prediction is difficult, especially of the future

= bridge beween stories/narratives and quantitative models

Apply a structured way + expert judgement (+ models) to elaborate narratives of the future:

  • plausible

  • internally coherent

  • quantifiable

  • usable


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Emmision scenarios

Om te berekenen hoeveel CO2 we in bijvoorbeeld 2050 of 2100 uitstoten, volstaat natuurkunde alleen niet. Emissies zijn het directe gevolg van hoe de menselijke samenleving zich ontwikkelt op vijf terreinen:

  • Bevolking (Population): Hoeveel mensen zijn er die energie, voedsel en goederen consumeren?

  • Economie (Economy): Hoeveel groeit het bbp en de wereldwijde welvaart?

  • Technologie (Technology): Rijden we op benzine of elektriciteit? Hoe efficiënt wekken we zonne- of kernenergie op?

  • Bestuur (Governance): Werken landen internationaal samen aan strikte klimaatwetten, of is er geopolitieke verdeeldheid?

  • Sociale waarden (Social values): Blijft de focus liggen op materialisme en ongebreidelde consumptie, of verschuift de samenleving naar circulariteit en soberheid?

Omdat de toekomst onzeker is, bundelen onderzoekers deze factoren in verschillende sociaaleconomische verhaallijnen (de bekende Shared Socioeconomic Pathways of SSP's).

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Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs)

Om al die losse factoren om te zetten in harde getallen en emissiescenario's, gebruikt men IAMs (Geïntegreerde Beoordelingsmodellen).

  • Wat doet een IAM? Het koppelt sociaaleconomische modellen (economie, demografie, landbouw, energiemarkt) direct aan milieumodellen (koolstofkringloop, atmosfeer).

  • De werking:

    Sociaaleconomische aannames (SSP’s)→IAMKwantitatieve uitstoot (Gton CO2/jaar)→KlimaatmodellenMondiale opwarming (°C)\text{Sociaaleconomische aannames (SSP's)} \xrightarrow{\text{IAM}} \text{Kwantitatieve uitstoot (Gton CO}_2\text{/jaar)} \xrightarrow{\text{Klimaatmodellen}} \text{Mondiale opwarming (°C)}


= IAMs laten zien wat het kost, welke technologieën nodig zijn en wat het effect op het klimaat is bij verschillende beleidskeuzes.

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IPCC

= most authoritative international body for the assessment of climate change

Task:
provide scientific overview on climate change and its environmental and socio-economic impacts

→ thousands of scientists from all countries gather and assess scientific findings

It does NOT:

  • make original research

  • dictate policy, but is assisting it


5
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Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP)

= vijf plausibele toekomstscenario’s die door het klimaatpanel van de VN (het IPCC) worden gebruikt. Ze beschrijven hoe de wereldwijde maatschappij, economie en politiek zich de komende eeuw kunnen ontwikkelen.

In plaats van alleen naar CO2-uitstoot te kijken, ordenen klimaatwetenschappers deze scenario's langs twee assen van uitdagingen:

  1. Uitdagingen voor mitigatie (Challenges to Mitigation): Hoe moeilijk is het voor de wereld om de uitstoot van broeikasgassen terug te dringen en de bron aan te pakken?

  2. Uitdagingen voor adaptatie (Challenges to Adaptation): Hoe moeilijk is het voor samenlevingen om zich aan te passen aan de gevolgen van klimaatverandering (zoals zeespiegelstijging, droogte en extremere stormen)?


<p>= vijf plausibele toekomstscenario’s die door het klimaatpanel van de VN (het IPCC) worden gebruikt. Ze beschrijven hoe de wereldwijde maatschappij, economie en politiek zich de komende eeuw kunnen ontwikkelen.</p><p>In plaats van alleen naar <span>CO2</span>-uitstoot te kijken, ordenen klimaatwetenschappers deze scenario's langs <strong>twee assen van uitdagingen</strong>:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Uitdagingen voor mitigatie (Challenges to Mitigation):</strong> Hoe moeilijk is het voor de wereld om de uitstoot van broeikasgassen terug te dringen en de bron aan te pakken?</p></li><li><p><strong>Uitdagingen voor adaptatie (Challenges to Adaptation):</strong> Hoe moeilijk is het voor samenlevingen om zich aan te passen aan de gevolgen van klimaatverandering (zoals zeespiegelstijging, droogte en extremere stormen)?</p></li></ol><p></p>
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SSP1 - SSP5

Scenario

Naam / Karakter

Uitdaging Mitigatie

Uitdaging Adaptatie

Wat betekent dit in de praktijk?

SSP1

Sustainability (De groene weg)

Laag

Laag

De wereld verschuift naar duurzame energie, circulariteit, sterke internationale samenwerking en lage consumptie. Omdat ongelijkheid daalt en de economie veerkrachtig is, is zowel het terugdringen van emissies als het omgaan met klimaatschokken relatief goed haalbaar.

SSP2

Middle of the Road (Huidige trend)

Gemiddeld

Gemiddeld

Voortzetting van historische trends: geleidelijke economische groei, langzame technologische vooruitgang en matige afname van fossiele afhankelijkheid. Uitdagingen blijven op beide vlakken aanwezig.

SSP3

Regional Rivalry (Een verdeelde wereld)

Hoog

Hoog

Nationalisme, geopolitieke conflicten en versnippering. Landen focussen op nationale veiligheid in plaats van internationale klimaatverdragen (mitigatie faalt). Tegelijkertijd blijven grote groepen kwetsbaar en arm, waardoor adaptatie extreem lastig is (worst-case voor leefbaarheid).

SSP4

Inequality (Een gespleten wereld)

Laag

Hoog

Grote kloof tussen een rijke, technologisch geavanceerde elite en een arme meerderheid. De elite kan makkelijk investeren in schone energie en technologie (lage uitdaging voor mitigatie), maar miljarden kwetsbare mensen hebben geen middelen om zich te wapenen tegen klimaatrampen (hoge uitdaging voor adaptatie).

SSP5

Fossil-fueled Development (Snelle groei op fossiel)

Hoog

Laag

Massale economische groei en blind vertrouwen in markten en technologie, maar aangedreven door steenkool, olie en gas. Emissies exploderen (zeer hoge uitdaging voor mitigatie). Omdat de wereld echter enorm rijk en technologisch capabel wordt, heeft men veel geld en techniek voor dijken, airconditioning en infrastructuur (relatief lage uitdaging voor adaptatie).


<table style="min-width: 125px;"><colgroup><col style="min-width: 25px;"><col style="min-width: 25px;"><col style="min-width: 25px;"><col style="min-width: 25px;"><col style="min-width: 25px;"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><strong>Scenario</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><strong>Naam / Karakter</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><strong>Uitdaging Mitigatie</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><strong>Uitdaging Adaptatie</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><strong>Wat betekent dit in de praktijk?</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>SSP1</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>Sustainability</strong> <em>(De groene weg)</em></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>Laag</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>Laag</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">De wereld verschuift naar duurzame energie, circulariteit, sterke internationale samenwerking en lage consumptie. Omdat ongelijkheid daalt en de economie veerkrachtig is, is zowel het terugdringen van emissies als het omgaan met klimaatschokken relatief goed haalbaar.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>SSP2</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>Middle of the Road</strong> <em>(Huidige trend)</em></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>Gemiddeld</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>Gemiddeld</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">Voortzetting van historische trends: geleidelijke economische groei, langzame technologische vooruitgang en matige afname van fossiele afhankelijkheid. Uitdagingen blijven op beide vlakken aanwezig.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>SSP3</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>Regional Rivalry</strong> <em>(Een verdeelde wereld)</em></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>Hoog</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>Hoog</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">Nationalisme, geopolitieke conflicten en versnippering. Landen focussen op nationale veiligheid in plaats van internationale klimaatverdragen (mitigatie faalt). Tegelijkertijd blijven grote groepen kwetsbaar en arm, waardoor adaptatie extreem lastig is (<em>worst-case</em> voor leefbaarheid).</span></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>SSP4</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>Inequality</strong> <em>(Een gespleten wereld)</em></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>Laag</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>Hoog</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">Grote kloof tussen een rijke, technologisch geavanceerde elite en een arme meerderheid. De elite kan makkelijk investeren in schone energie en technologie (lage uitdaging voor mitigatie), maar miljarden kwetsbare mensen hebben geen middelen om zich te wapenen tegen klimaatrampen (hoge uitdaging voor adaptatie).</span></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>SSP5</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>Fossil-fueled Development</strong> <em>(Snelle groei op fossiel)</em></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>Hoog</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>Laag</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">Massale economische groei en blind vertrouwen in markten en technologie, maar aangedreven door steenkool, olie en gas. Emissies exploderen (zeer hoge uitdaging voor mitigatie). Omdat de wereld echter enorm rijk en technologisch capabel wordt, heeft men veel geld en techniek voor dijken, airconditioning en infrastructuur (relatief lage uitdaging voor adaptatie).</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
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Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)

In klimaatstudies worden deze SSP's gekoppeld aan RCP's (Representative Concentration Pathways, die de uiteindelijke concentratie broeikasgassen in de atmosfeer aangeven).

Door die twee te combineren, zien onderzoekers bijvoorbeeld dat een ambitieus klimaatdoel (zoals maximaal 1,5°C of 2°C opwarming) alleen realistisch en sociaal haalbaar is onder SSP1, uiterst pijnlijk onder SSP2, en nagenoeg onmogelijk onder SSP3 of SSP5.


→ Waar SSP’s beschrijven hoe de maatschappij zich gedraagt (sociaaleconomisch), beschrijven RCP’s de natuurkundige uitkomst in de atmosfeer.

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RCP2.5 - RCP8.5

Scenario

Type beloop

Verwachte opwarming rond 2100

Wat gebeurt er in de praktijk?

RCP2.6

Peak and decline

approx 1,5 °C tot 2,0°C

Zeer ambitieus klimaatbeleid. Mondiale emissies pieken rond 2020 en dalen daarna snel richting netto nul en negatieve emissies. De stralingsforcering piekt rond 3 W/m2 en daalt tegen 2100 naar 2,6 W/m2. Dit is het enige scenario dat voldoet aan het Parijs-akkoord.

RCP4.5

Stabilization without overshoot

approx 2,4 °C tot 2,7 °C

Realistisch mitigatiescenario. Emissies pieken rond 2040 en dalen daarna. De stralingsforcering vlakt geleidelijk af en stabiliseert op 4,5 W/m2 rond 2100 zonder eerst een hogere piek te overschrijden (no overshoot).

RCP6.0

Stabilization without overshoot

approx 2,8 °C tot 3,2 °C

Beperkte klimaatactie. Emissies blijven stijgen tot circa 2060-2080 en stabiliseren daarna dankzij latere overschakeling op schonere technologieën, wat resulteert in 6,0 W/m2 in 2100.

RCP8.5

Worst case (High emissions)

approx 4,0 °C tot 4,8 °C

Extreem scenario met ongebreideld fossiel energiegebruik, zware industriële groei en geen noemenswaardig klimaatbeleid. Emissies blijven de hele eeuw stijgen tot een extreme forcing van 8,5 W/m2. Vaak gebruikt als stresstest om extreme fysieke risico's in kaart te brengen.

Het getal achter "RCP" staat voor de extra stralingsforcering (radiative forcing) in het jaar 2100, gemeten in watt per vierkante meter (W/m2):

  • Het mechanisme: Broeikasgassen houden infraroodstraling (warmte) vast die de aarde probeert uit te stralen naar de ruimte.

  • De meeteenheid: Een waarde van +2,6 W/m² betekent dat er in 2100 gemiddeld over de hele aarde continu 2,6 watt extra warmte-energie per vierkante meter aardoppervlak wordt vastgehouden ten opzichte van het pre-industriële tijdperk (rond het jaar 1750). Hoe hoger dit getal, hoe sterker het broeikaseffect en hoe hoger de temperatuurstijging.


<table style="min-width: 100px;"><colgroup><col style="min-width: 25px;"><col style="min-width: 25px;"><col style="min-width: 25px;"><col style="min-width: 25px;"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><strong>Scenario</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><strong>Type beloop</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><strong>Verwachte opwarming rond 2100</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><strong>Wat gebeurt er in de praktijk?</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>RCP2.6</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>Peak and decline</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.15;">approx 1,5 °C</span><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"> tot </span><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.15;">2,0°C</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">Zeer ambitieus klimaatbeleid. Mondiale emissies pieken rond 2020 en dalen daarna snel richting netto nul en negatieve emissies. De stralingsforcering piekt rond </span><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.15;">3 W/m2</span><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"> en daalt tegen 2100 naar </span><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.15;">2,6 W/m2</span><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">. Dit is het enige scenario dat voldoet aan het Parijs-akkoord.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>RCP4.5</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>Stabilization without overshoot</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.15;">approx 2,4 °C</span><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"> tot </span><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.15;">2,7 °C</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">Realistisch mitigatiescenario. Emissies pieken rond 2040 en dalen daarna. De stralingsforcering vlakt geleidelijk af en stabiliseert op </span><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.15;">4,5 W/m2</span><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"> rond 2100 zonder eerst een hogere piek te overschrijden (<em>no overshoot</em>).</span></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>RCP6.0</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>Stabilization without overshoot</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.15;">approx 2,8 °C</span><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"> tot </span><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.15;">3,2 °C</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">Beperkte klimaatactie. Emissies blijven stijgen tot circa 2060-2080 en stabiliseren daarna dankzij latere overschakeling op schonere technologieën, wat resulteert in </span><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.15;">6,0 W/m2</span><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"> in 2100.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>RCP8.5</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><strong>Worst case</strong> (<em>High emissions</em>)</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.15;">approx 4,0 °C</span><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"> tot </span><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.15;">4,8 °C</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); inset: 0px; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: table-cell; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; flex-direction: row; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; marker: none; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 2.4px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 2.4px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; widows: 2; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important;"><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">Extreem scenario met ongebreideld fossiel energiegebruik, zware industriële groei en geen noemenswaardig klimaatbeleid. Emissies blijven de hele eeuw stijgen tot een extreme forcing van </span><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.15;">8,5 W/m2</span><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">. Vaak gebruikt als stresstest om extreme fysieke risico's in kaart te brengen.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Het getal achter "RCP" staat voor de extra <strong>stralingsforcering (radiative forcing)</strong> in het jaar 2100, gemeten in <strong>watt per vierkante meter (</strong><span><strong>W/m2</strong></span><strong>)</strong>:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Het mechanisme:</strong> Broeikasgassen houden infraroodstraling (warmte) vast die de aarde probeert uit te stralen naar de ruimte.</p></li><li><p><strong>De meeteenheid:</strong> Een waarde van <span>+2,6 W/m²</span> betekent dat er in 2100 gemiddeld over de hele aarde continu <span>2,6 watt</span> extra warmte-energie per vierkante meter aardoppervlak wordt vastgehouden ten opzichte van het pre-industriële tijdperk (rond het jaar 1750). Hoe hoger dit getal, hoe sterker het broeikaseffect en hoe hoger de temperatuurstijging.</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Gecombineerde scenario’s
→ aangeduid als bijvoorbeeld SSP1-2.6 of SSP5-8.5

("not everything goes with everything")


Waarom past niet alles bij elkaar?

  • SSP (Socioeconomic Pathway): Bepaalt bevolkingsgroei, economische structuur, technologie en consumptiepatronen.

  • RCP (Concentration Pathway): Bepaalt de uiteindelijke hoeveelheid broeikasgassen en stralingsforcering (W/m2) in het jaar 2100.

Een maatschappijvorm moet via haar energieverbruik en beleid daadwerkelijk kunnen leiden tot die specifieke stralingsforcering:

  1. Waarom SSP1-8.5 onmogelijk is:

    SSP1 staat voor een duurzame, circulaire economie met snelle adoptie van zonne- en windenergie, lage vleesconsumptie en internationale samenwerking. Het is fysisch onmogelijk om binnen zo'n maatschappij genoeg fossiele brandstoffen te verbranden om een extreme forcering van 8,5 W/m² te bereiken.

  2. Waarom SSP5-1.9 of SSP3-1.9 vrijwel onhaalbaar is:

    SSP3 kenmerkt zich door geopolitieke spanningen, handelsbarrières en zwak bestuur. In zo'n versnipperde wereld lukt het simpelweg niet om de gigantische, gecoördineerde mondiale hernieuwbare transitie te organiseren die nodig is voor 1,9 W/m² 1,5 °C doel).


→→ plausibele kruispunten = scenariomatrix

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IPCC AR6 Scenariomatrix

In de AR6-rapporten gebruikt het IPCC een matrix waarin alleen de plausibele kruispunten worden gemodelleerd. De vijf kernscenario's (de "Illustrative Pathways") zijn:

IPCC AR6 Scenario

Naam / Type

Klimaatdoel

Waarom deze combinatie werkt

SSP1-1.9

Zeer lage emissies

approx 1,5 °C (Parijs-doel)

Een groene samenleving (SSP1) die direct drastisch ingrijpt en voor 2050 netto-nul bereikt.

SSP1-2.6

Lage emissies

approx 1,8°C (ruim onder 2°C)

Duurzame ontwikkeling met ambitieuze, maar iets minder abrupte reducties dan 1.9.

SSP2-4.5

Middenweg (Intermediate)

approx 2,7 °C

Huidige sociaaleconomische trends (SSP2) gecombineerd met gematigde, deels stagnerende klimaatactie.

SSP3-7.0

Hoge emissies

approx 3,6 °C

Regionale rivaliteit en nationale veiligheid (SSP3): zwak milieubeleid, hernieuwde afhankelijkheid van lokale steenkool en hoge ontbossing.

SSP5-8.5

Zeer hoge emissies

approx 4,4 °C (Worst case)

Snelle economische en technologische groei, maar volledig aangedreven door fossiele brandstoffen en zware energieconsumptie (SSP5).


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Emissions → klimaatprojecties

= uncertainty
(Grid en Sub-grid scale)

1. Van emissie naar klimaatprojectie

Een emissiescenario (zoals een SSP-RCP combinatie) levert alleen getallen op over hoeveel CO2 of methaan er in de lucht komt. Om te weten wat dit betekent voor de temperatuur, regenval of stormen over 50 jaar, voeren wetenschappers deze getallen in een Global Climate Model (GCM) / aardesysteemmodel (ESM).

2. De uitdaging: Het "Grid" en "Sub-grid scale"

Een klimaatmodel verdeelt de aarde, oceanen en atmosfeer in een enorm 3D-raster van denkbeeldige rekenblokken (grids):

  • Elk rasterblok is typisch 50 tot 100 kilometer breed.

  • De computer berekent voor elk blok de natuurkundige basiswetten (temperatuur, luchtdruk, wind).

Het probleem:

Veel cruciale processen in de natuur zijn veel kleiner dan zo'n blok van 100 times 100km. Dit noem je sub-grid scale processes.

  • Typisch voorbeeld: Wolken. Een individuele onweers- of stapelwolk is vaak maar enkele kilometers breed. Het model "ziet" die wolk dus niet direct.

3. De oplossing: Parametrisatie (Parameterization)

Omdat supercomputers niet elk individueel wolkje, blad aan een boom of golfje in de oceaan kunnen simuleren, moeten wetenschappers deze processen benaderen via parametrisatie:

  • In plaats van de wolk exact te berekenen, gebruikt men empirische of heuristische formules (vereenvoudigde vuistregels gebaseerd op veldmetingen en historische data).

  • Bijvoorbeeld: "Als de luchtvochtigheid in dit gridblok 85% bereikt en de temperatuur daalt met X, neem dan aan dat 40% van het raster bedekt is met wolken."

4. Waarom leidt dit tot onzekerheid (Uncertainty)?

Verschillende onderzoeksinstituten (zoals KNMI, Hadley Centre of NASA) gebruiken net iets andere vereenvoudigde formules om die sub-grid processen te benaderen:

  • Wolken-feedback (Cloud feedback): Wolken weerkaatsen zonlicht (verkoeling), maar houden ook warmte vast (broeikaseffect). Welk effect overheerst als de aarde opwarmt? Kleine verschillen in die formules bepalen of een model uitkomt op +2,5°C of +4,0 °C bij een verdubbeling van CO2.

  • Dit vormt de grootste wetenschappelijke bron van modelonzekerheid (model uncertainty) binnen klimaatprojecties.


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BECCS (Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage)

= grootschalige koolstofverwijdering

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Belangrijkste lessen → artikel over SSPs

1. Maatschappelijke ontwikkeling dicteert klimaatuitkomsten:

Het al dan niet halen van het Parijs-akkoord hangt niet alleen af van windmolens en zonnepanelen, maar fundamenteel van armoedebestrijding, geopolitieke vrede, onderwijs en handelsverdragen.

  1. Nationalisme is een directe klimaatbarrière:

Een wereld die vervalt in geopolitieke rivaliteit en isolationisme (SSP3) sluit het bereiken van veilige klimaatlimieten ( of ) nagenoeg uit.

  1. Parijs is alleen sociaal realistisch via SSP1:

Hoewel sommige modellen  kunnen forceren binnen een ongelijke of fossiele wereld (SSP4 of SSP5), vereist dit zulke extreme, onbewezen hoeveelheden negatieve emissietechnologieën dat alleen een duurzame maatschappelijke koers (SSP1) een plausibel en sociaal leefbaar pad biedt.

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2 hoofdcategorieën IAMs

  1. Detailed Process IAMs (Complexe procesmodellen):

Modellen zoals IMAGE, MESSAGE-GLOBIOM, GCAM, REMIND en WITCH. Deze modelleren de energiemarkt, landbouw en technologie tot in detail per wereldregio. Ze zoeken meestal naar de kosteneffectiefste weg (least-cost pathways) om een vooraf gesteld klimaatdoel (zoals een koolstofbudget of temperatuurlimiet) te halen.

  1. Cost-Benefit IAMs (Kosten-batenmodellen):

Modellen zoals DICE van William Nordhaus. Deze zijn veel geaggregeerder en wegen de economische kosten van mitigatie direct af tegen de berekende schadekosten van klimaatverandering, vaak om de maatschappelijke kosten van koolstof (Social Cost of Carbon, SCC) te bepalen.

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Discussiepunten IAMs en belangrijke lessen

Belangrijke discussiepunten en kritiek

  • Sterke afhankelijkheid van negatieve emissies (BECCS):

Veel IAM-routes die opwarming beperken tot  of  leunen zwaar op grootschalige inzet van BECCS (Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage) in de tweede helft van de eeuw. Critici waarschuwen dat dit een technologisch risico is dat enorme hoeveelheden landbouwgrond en water zou opeisen, wat ten koste kan gaan van voedselzekerheid en biodiversiteit.

  • Aanname van economische optimalisatie (Least-Cost):

IAMs gaan vaak uit van een "volmaakte markt" waarin investeringen overal ter wereld rationeel naar de goedkoopste emissiereductie vloeien. In de echte wereld spelen geopolitieke fricties, lobbygroepen, wetgeving en gedragsbarrières een veel grotere rol.

  • Verdiscontering (Discount rates):

Kleine verschillen in de gekozen disconteringsvoet bepalen of een model kiest voor directe abrupte emissiereducties of het uitstelt naar latere decennia.

  • Het "Black Box"-imago:

Door de honderden onderliggende aannames over kostenontwikkelingen, leercurves van zonnepanelen en bevolkingsaantallen zijn de modellen voor buitenstaanders lastig te doorgronden.



Belangrijkste lessen voor beleid en onderzoek

a. IAMs zijn verkennende scenario's, geen glazen bollen:

IAMs voorspellen niet wat er in 2050 of 2100 gaat gebeuren, maar brengen in kaart wat technologisch en economisch mogelijk is onder specifieke beleidsaannames.

b. Klimaatdoelen vereisen systeemtransformaties:

De modellen tonen consistent aan dat het behalen van het Parijs-akkoord () niet haalbaar is met stapsgewijze aanpassingen; het vereist een gelijktijdige omwenteling in energieopwekking, transport, industrie en landbouw.

c. Toenemende aandacht voor vraagsturing en leefstijl:

Om de riskante afhankelijkheid van negatieve emissies (BECCS) te omzeilen, richten nieuwere IAM-scenario's zich steeds meer op snelle energie-efficiëntie, circulaire economie en veranderingen in consumentengedrag (zoals dieetverandering en minder vliegen).