R2 RESEARCH METHODS

SURVEY

Standardized tests are used to COLLECT DATA about people in a SYSTEMATIC MANNER

SURVEOIR (SUHH-VWOH)

A french word; meaning “TO SEE”

THE SAMPLE (1/3 COMPONENTS)

WHO to survey

THE METHOD / INSTRUMENT (2/3 COMPONENTS)

WHAT TO USE to survey

THE QUESTIONS (3/3 COMPONENTS)

WHAT TO ASK in a survey.

CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY (surveys acc. to TIMEFRAME)

Done ONE-TIME only (ex. opinion surveys)

LONGITUDUINAL SURVEY (acc. to TIMEFRAME)

Done in multiple OCCURENCES OVER TIME (ex. psychiatric evaluations)

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE (acc. to QUESTION TYPE)

Gathering data through a PRE-MADE SET OF QUESTIONS

Usually in the form of papers or online forms

SURVEY-INTERVIEW (acc. to QUESTION TYPE)

Data gathered through a SPONTANEOUS FLOW OF QUESTIONING

Done in a CONVERSATIONAL manner

UNSTRUCTURED SURVEY / OPEN-ENDED / OPEN-FORMAT (types of SURVEY QUESTIONS)

Respondent’s OWN WORDS

They frame and supply answers, allowing opportunities to express their own opinions

(ex. short-answer essays, checklists w/ “others” option, checklists w/ multiple responses

RANK-ORDER SURVEYS (types of SURVEY QUESTIONS)

ORDER OF preference from a list of options

ORDINAL variables

RATING SCALE (types of SURVEY QUESTIONS)

Items are arranged, and respondents ONLY CHOOSE ONE

Usually for OPINIONS towards a certain topic

LIKERT SCALE = MOST COMMON

SYMMETRY (1/2 likert scale QUALITIES)

No. of positive and negative CHOICES are bilaterally EQUAL FROM NEUTRAL / ZERO LINE

BALANCE (2/2 likert scale QUALITIES)

SAME DISTANCE between each valur

Allows valid averaging of values

ODD-VALUED (1/2 KINDS of likert scale)

Most RECOMMENDED and HONEST

Ex. five-point scale w/ neutral opinion

EVEN-VALUED / IPSATIVE (2/2 KINDS of likert scale)

FORCED CHOICE scale

No neutral / undecided choice

Either positive or negative stance

BINARY SCALE (1/3 OTHER KINDS)

Nominal scale with 2 POSSIBLE VALUES

SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALE (2/3 OTHER KINDS)

Likert scale’s ANTITHESIS

Multi-scale

Respondents are asked to ANSWER MULTIPLE respondents towards a SINGLE QUESTION

GUTTMAN SCALE (3/3 OTHER KINDS)

Multi-item scale wherein items are arranged IN ORDER OF INTENSITY

RESPONSE = MAY WEIGHT

AGGREGATE / COMBINED SCORE = SUM of each weighted item

Eliyahu “Louis” Guttman (1916-1987), a Jewish American Mathematician

SURVEY-INTERVIEW

Communicate questions VERBALLY w/ participant

Participants’ THOUGHTS AND FEELINGS about topic

Individual or w/ focus group

INTERVIEW GUIDE is used

STRUCTURED INTERVIEW / RESEARCHER ADMINISTERED / STANDARDIZED (s.i. kinds)

Same ortder of PRE-DETERMINED QUESTIONS

FOLLOW UP QUESTIONS = NOT ALLOWED

Prevalent in qualitative research

UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW / NON-DISCRETE (s.i. kinds)

IMPROMPTU / informal

Conversational, flexible, spontaneous

UNEXPECTED INFO. unrelated from topic MAY come up

FOLLOW UP QUESTIONS = YES!!!

SEMI-STRUCTURE INTERVIEW (s.i. kinds)

COMBO of structred and unstructured interview

Allows new ideas ot be brought up during the interview because of respondents words

Ex. Census

OBSERVATION / PAGMAMASID

Field notes on participants, their setings, purpose, social behavior, and frequency and duration of a certain phenomenon

Proof of support to ones claims / conclusions are obtained in this setting for topics where it may be for participants to discuss

OBSERVATION SCHEDULE

PARTICIPATION OBSERVATION (observation kinds)

Period of intense SOCIAL INTERACTION between researcher and subject’s in the subject’s environment

Researchers MUST establish RAPPORT w/ community yet stay impartial

NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION (observation kinds)

Sampling of SPONTANEOUS PERFORMANCE as it is NATURALLY OCCURRING

Researchers does NOTHING to alter the environment

Used when other DATA COLLECTION METHODS are NOT EFFECTIVE