AP Human Geography unit 2

Population distribution

The spatial pattern and arrangement of where people live across Earth's surface.

Arithmetic population density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological population density

The number of people per unit area of arable (farmable) land, measuring pressure on agricultural land.

Agricultural population density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of arable land in a region.

Mid-latitudes

The regions situated between $30^\text{o}$ and $60^\text{o}$ north or south of the equator, housing the majority of human population due to moderate climates.

Carrying capacity

The maximum population size of a species that an environment can sustain indefinitely without environmental degradation.

Population pyramid

A bar graphic structure displaying the age cohorts and sex distribution of a given population.

Dependency ratio

The measure comparing the population non-working dependents (under age $15$ and over age $64$) to the working-age population ($15$\text{--}$64$).

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The annual number of live births per $1{,}000$ people in a population.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The annual number of deaths per $1{,}000$ people in a population.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will bear during her reproductive years.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The annual percentage growth rate of a population, calculated as $\frac{\text{CBR} - \text{CDR}}{10}$.

Population distribution

The spatial pattern and arrangement of where people live across Earth's surface.

Arithmetic population density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological population density

The number of people per unit area of arable land, measuring pressure on agricultural resources.

Agricultural population density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of arable land in a region.

Mid-latitudes

Regions situated between $30^\circ$ and $60^\circ$ north or south of the equator, housing the majority of the human population due to moderate climates.

Carrying capacity

The maximum population size of a species that an environment can sustain indefinitely without environmental degradation.

Population pyramid

A bar graphic structure displaying the age cohorts and sex distribution of a given population.

Dependency ratio

The measure comparing non-working dependents (under age $15$ and over age $64$) to the working-age population (ages $15\text{ to }64$).

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The annual number of live births per $1{,}000$ people in a population, calculated as $\frac{\text{Number of Live Births}}{\text{Total Population}} \times 1{,}000$.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The annual number of deaths per $1{,}000$ people in a population, calculated as $\frac{\text{Number of Deaths}}{\text{Total Population}} \times 1{,}000$.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will bear during her reproductive years (ages $15\text{ to }45$).

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The annual percentage growth rate of a population excluding migration, calculated as $\frac{\text{CBR} - \text{CDR}}{10}$.

Replacement rate

The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) required for a population to maintain its current size across generations without migration, typically $2.1$ children per woman.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A structural model showing how birth rates, death rates, and total population size change across stages of economic development.

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

A model tracking shifts in dominant causes of mortality from infectious diseases to chronic/degenerative conditions as a society develops.

Population growth rate

The overall annual percentage change in population including migration, calculated as $\frac{(\text{CBR} - \text{CDR}) + \text{Net Migration Rate}}{10}$.