New Monarchies

New Monarchies

Monarchs who consolidated power away from nobility and church, often through top-down religious reforms and being the only ones to tax through bureaucracy

Henry VIII

Opposed Protestants, but couldn't get a male heir, but his wife, Catherine of Aragon, came from Spanish royalty, so her family put pressure on the Pope to not allow an annulment, which worked, so Henry divorced Catherine, breaking from the Pope and forming the new Anglican Church with him at the top, marrying Anne Boleyn

Treason Act

Law in England making the Anglican Church the official Church

Mary Tudor

Tried to bring back Catholicism after Henry VIII

Elizabeth I

Brought back Anglicanism after Mary Tudor

Act of Uniformity

Elizabeth I's act mandating English people go to Anglican Church

Bureaucracy

Group of officials who make sure people are following the laws

Concordat of Bologna

French act where the Pope could collect income from the French Catholic church where the State could appoint church officials, restricting their communication with the Pope

Peace of Augsburg

Gave individual rulers in the HRE the right to decide if their subjects were to be Lutheran or Catholic

Medici Family

Powerful Italian Bankers

Fugger Family

Powerful Bankers in Augsburg

Impacts of Banking in the Renaissance

The rise of the money economy meant that all the money was passed through bankers, and the wealthy bankers allied themselves with monarchs to have political power

Secular State

State where the Church has little to no political influence

Republicanism

Government structure in which elected representatives make laws and wield power by consent of the governed, championed by Machiavelli

Jean Bodin

French thinker who favored Absolute Monarchies by Divine Right