(B) feline and canine reproductive disorders.

define Metritis

Inflammation of the uterus

what is it

ovary

what is it

uterine horn

what is it

mesometrium

what is it

vagina

what is it

oviduct

what is it

uterine body

what is it

cervix

what is it

vulva

what causes metritis (3)

1. Suppression of function

2. Estrus

3. Can also occur post delivery, especially with prolonged deliveries/dystocias

metritis can become — if untreated

pyometra

clinical signs of metritis (10)

1. Lethargy

2. PU/PD

3. Vomiting

4. Inappetence

5. Fever

6. Tachycardia

7. tachypnea

8. Vaginal discharge (can vary in colour, light brown - green)

9. Hungry offspring

10. +/- distended abdomen, will feel dough-like

how to diagnose metritis (4)

1. CBC

2. UA

3. Imaging

4. Biopsy

how to treat metritis (3)

1. IV fluids

2. Antibiotics

3. Prostaglandins or oxytocin

how to prevent metritis

OVH

define pyo-

purulent

define metra

uterus

define pyometra

purulent uterine infection

what causes pyometra (1 + 3ish)

1. bacteria goes into the uterus

2. Elevated Progesterone → endometrial gland changes (thickening and increased secretions) + reduced uterine contractions

what animals are susceptible to pyometra (4)

1. unspayed

2. greater than 6 yrs old

3. Bacteria enters within 60 days of the last estrus cycle

4. uterine stump

clinical signs of pyometra (general) (11)

1. Lethargy

2. Inappetence

3. PU/PD

4. leads to dehydration

5. Vomiting

6. diarrhea

7. Pale mm

8. Abdominal pain

9. abdominal enlargement

10. ± discharge

11. MEDICAL EMERGENCY!

clinical signs of open pyometra (11)

1. bloody discharge from the vulva

2. Purulent discharge from the vulva

3. Fever

4. Lethargy

5. Anorexia

6. Depression

7. Increased thirst

8. Increased urination

define Purulent

containing, consisting of, or discharging pus

clinical signs of closed pyometra (11)

1. no discharge

2. Rapid onset of clinical signs

3. Anorexia

4. Vomiting

5. Depressed

6. Diarrhea

7. Sepsis

8. Enlarged abdomen

9. soft abdomen

10. EMERGENCY!

how to diagnose pyometra (13)

1. Estrus cycle timing

2. Animals that clean their hind end excessively

3. CBC

4. Chemistry

5. UA

6. RBCs in urine

7. WBCs in urine

8. bacteria in urine

9. ↓ SG if there is damage to the kidneys

10. Radiographs

11. ultrasound

12. Need to rule out pregnancy

13. Vaginal cytology

how to treat pyometra (2)

1. ovariohysterectomy

2. prostaglandins

how to prevent pyometra

ovariohysterectomy

define dys

difficult

define -ocia

labor

define dystocia

difficult labor

how to cause maternal dystocia (4)

1. Uterine Inertia

2. Small Birth Canal

3. Previous dystocia

4. Prolonged labour

what causes fetal dystocia (4)

1. Large fetus

2. Malpresentation

3. Abnormal positioning

4. Too many fetuses

what are clinical signs for dystocia (6)

1. No fetus produced within ~4 hours after labor begins

2. 1–2 hours between offspring

3. Strong contractions with no progress

4. Excessive pain/vocalization

5. Abnormal/green discharge

6. Dam becoming exhausted

how to diagnose dystocia (7)

1. When did labor begin?

2. How many delivered?

3. How many expected?

4. Vaginal examination

5. Presentation/position

6. x-ray

7. ultrasound

how to treat dystocia (8)

1. Stabilize

2. Perform exam/imaging

3. Oxytocin

4. Manual assistance

5. C-section

6. ovariohysterectomy

7. Monitor for infection or wound problems

8. Neonatal care

how to prevent dystocia

Proper breeding management

should drop ~ —℃ about 24-48 hours before labour begins

1

what is the normal heart rate for neonatals

greater than 200 bpm

what is the normal respiratory rate for neonates (range)

15 - 35 rpm

what is the normal USG in birds (range)

1.005 - 1.020

what age do puppies normally start walking

10 days

what age do kittens normally start walking

3 weeks

how long does it take for the suckle reflex to dissapear

3 weeks

what are some concerning signs in neonatals (9)

1. Limp

2. inactive

3. Hypothermic

4. Constant crying

5. Poor suckle

6. Abnormal MM

7. Weight loss

8. Diarrhea

9. dehydration

what is the normal temp for neonatals (range)

35 - 37.2 °C

puppies should gain — – — g/day/kg of expected adult weight

2 - 4

puppies should gain — – — g/day/kg of expected adult weight

10 - 15

what are 3 of the biggest challenges for neonates are:

1. hypothermia

2. hypoglycemia

3. dehydration

what causes mammary tumors

unknown

—% of dogs are benign mammory tumors

50

—% of dogs are malignant mammory tumors

50

—% of cats are benign mammory tumors (range)

10 - 20 %

—% of cats are malignant mammory tumors (range)

80 - 90 %

where are malignant mammary tumors found (4)

1. lymph nodes

2. lungs

3. skeletal system

4. structures in the abdomen

what (VERY GENERAL) age range of animals are sussceptible to mammary tumors

Middle-aged to older animals

clinical signs of mammary tumors (3)

1. Enlargement of mammary gland(s)

2. Edema

3. pain

in mammory tumors ; Smaller tumour = — prognosis

better

how to diagnose mammary tumors (5)

1. CBC

2. Increased WBC

3. Decreased PLT count

4. imaging

5. histology

vaginitis is common in — dogs

prepuberal

what is the Most common sign of vaginitis

vaginal discharge

how to treat vaginitis (2)

1. antibiotics

2. self-limiting after first estrous cycle

what causes vaginitis in adults (6)

1. anatomical abnormalities

2. bacterial infection

3. trauma

4. chemical irritations.

5. canine herpes virus

define Pseudopregnancy

Exaggeration of normal hormones during the estrus cycle in dogs who aren’t pregnant

clinical signs of Pseudopregnancy (7)

1. decreased levels of progesterone

2. increased prolactin

3. weight gain

4. mammary gland enlargement

5. lactation

6. mucoid vaginal discharge.

7. mothering type behaviours to stuffed animals

Pseudopregnancy Develop about — - — weeks after estrus cycle

6 - 12 weeks

how long does pseudopregnancy last (range)

1 - 3 weeks

what is Cryptorchidism

One or both testicles are retained

Testicles should descend by — - — months of age

2 - 6 months

what causes cryptorchidism (1)

Hereditary

Breeders may ask for an implant so they can show. This practice is —

illegal

Retained testicles are at a higher risk of — —

testicular cancer

how to treat cryptorchism

castration

In dogs with prostatic disease, the prostate will — in size and weight as the dog matures. When dogs are neutered before maturity, this growth is —

increase , halted

purpose of prostate (2)

1. produce fluid as a transport

2. support for sperm during ejaculation

what are 5 disorders of the prostate (5)

1. Cysts

2. Neoplasia

3. benign hyperplasia

4. prostatitis

5. prostatic abscessation

what causes benign hyperplasia (1)

Due to a hormone imbalance of estrogen and androgens

— — Results in enlargement of the gland and increased blood supply to the gland, making it bleed easier

Benign Hyperplasia

clinical signs of benign hyperplasia (3)

1. Tenesmus

2. Prostate is enlarged, non-painful, and symmetrical when palpated

3. none

define Tenesmus

a persistent, uncomfortable sensation that you need to empty your bowels (rectal tenesmus) or bladder (vesical tenesmus) even when they are already empty

how to diagnose benign hyperplasia (1)

biopsy

how to treat benign hyperplasia (3)

1. castration

2. Low dose estrogen therapy

3. Other hormone therapies to block testosterone turnover

how to prevent benign hyperplasia

early castration

what causes prostatitis (7)

1. E. coli

2. Proteus

3. Klebsiella

4. Pseudomonas

5. Streptococcus

6. Staphylococcus

7. B. canis

clinical signs of acute prostatitis (5)

1. anorexia

2. fever

3. lethargy

4. stiff gait in rear limbs

5. caudal abdominal pain

clinical signs of chronic prostatitis (2)

1. asymptomatic

2. chronic UTI’s

how to diagnose prostatitis (4)

1. RBC’s in urine

2. WBC’s in urine

3. bacteria in urine

4. urine culture

how to treat prostatitis (4)

1. 28 days of antibiotics for acute

2. 6 weeks of antibiotics for chronic

3. Castration

4. Prostatectomy

what is Prostatic Abscessation

Serious bacterial infection where pockets of purulent discharge form in the gland

what is prognosis for Prostatic Abscessation : —% after — yrs

50% after 1 yrs

clinical signs of Prostatic Abscessation (8)

1. Tenesmus

2. Urethral discharge

3. Lethargy

4. Pain

5. Vomiting

6. Hematuria

7. Fever

8. Depression

how to diagnose Prostatic Abscessation (3)

1. CBC

2. Chemistry

3. Prostate aspiration

how to treat Prostatic Abscessation (5)

1. Surgical drainage

2. Castration

3. Antibiotics

4. IV fluids

5. supportive care

what causes Orchitis and Epididymitis (3)

1. infectious causes

2. related to an immune-mediated response

3. non-inflammatory

what causes non-inflammatory Orchitis and Epididymitis (6)

1. heat exopsure

2. cold exposure

3. cytotoxic agents

4. hormonal changes from drugs

5. tumours

6. environment

clinical signs of Orchitis and Epididymitis (5)

1. Pain in testes

2. enlargement of the testis

3. epididymis

4. Decreased semen quality

5. Poor libido

Orchitis and Epididymitis Can sometimes be mistaken for — —

testicular masses

how to diagnose Orchitis and Epididymitis (6)

1. Ultrasound

2. FNA

3. swabs

4. biopsies

5. Semen evaluation

6. Bacterial culture

if an animal tests positive for Brucellosis, the animal needs to be (3)

1. castrated

2. isolated

3. euthanized

how to treat Orchitis and Epididymitis (4)

1. Castration

2. Antimicrobials

3. Antifungals

4. immunosuppressives

how to prevent Orchitis and Epididymitis

castration