devolepmental psychology exam 4

What does sexually transmitted infection (STI) include?

Any infection transmitted through sexual contact. Gonorrhea, genital herpes, chlamydia

What does human papillomavirus (hpv) increase?

Cancer risks in later adulthood

What is a skill that improves as you age?

Deductive reasoning

At what age does logic form?

Between ages 4-6

Adolescent egocentrism

Thinking that leads you to focus on self to exclusion of others

What is influenced by egocentrism and may lead to later depression?

Rumination

Rumination

Obsessive thinking about self-focused concerns.

Influenced by egocentrism and may lead to later depression

What does imaginary audience create?

Center stage or self-consciousness

Imaginary audience

Believing others are watching you and taking notes of your appearance ideas, and behaviors

Personal fable

Adolescents think that their thoughts and feelings and experiences are more awful or wonderful than others

Invincibility fable

Conviction that one cannot be harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex or a motorcycle accident

What are the three characteristics of formal operational thought?

Hypothetical thought, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning

Hypothetical thought

Reasoning that includes possibilities and propositions that may not effect reality

Deductive reasoning

Reasoning from a general statement through logical steps to figure out specifics (top down)

Inductive reasoning

Reasoning from one or more specific experiences to a general conclusion (bottom up)

What type of thought may not be universal?

Formal operational thought

What are influences on formal operational thought?

School and training in context

Reasoning that is less advanced than deductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning

Who came up with a theory of identity development?

James Marcia

What are the four identity statuses?

Identity, role confusion (identity diffusion), foreclosure, moratorium

What is Erikson’s term for the 5th stage of development?

Identity versus role confusion

Identity versus role confusion

A person tries to figure out "who am I?” But is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt

Identity

Consistent definition of one's self as a unique individualism, in terms of roles, attitudes, beliefs, and aspirations

Role confusion (identity diffusion)

Situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what their identity is

What is each status of identity a determinant of?

Exploration and commitment

Foreclosure

Make premature decisions about your identity but don't explore as much

Moratorium

An adolescent's choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity achievement decisions

What is an example of moratorium?

Going to college

What is a factor that affects identity, daily life, and expectations?

Family relationships

What does autonomy predict?

High self esteem, self regulation, academic achievement, and self reliance

Who is parental monitoring most effective for?

warm supportive parent-adolescent relationships

Which is more important? Type of time spent with adolescent or quantity ?

Type of time spent with adolescent

Most important predictor in mental health in adolescents

Parent child relationship quality

What helps family members express and tolerate disagreement?

Conflict

What can conflict signal?

A need for adjustment in the parent-child relationship

What does psychological controlling parenting interfere with?

Autonomy

Can result in drug use, alcohol use, antisocial behavior, and depression

How can warm peers help you in regards to close relationships?

Can help in regard to your identity

When is parenting buffering stress least effective?

Adolescence

What is impact of friends influenced by?

Selection and facilitation •can be positive and negative

What helps adolescents to do things they are unlikely to do alone through peer pressure?

Facilitation

what is the ratio of pregnancies that end in abortion?

1 in 4

learning about sex from media

the internet provides information about STI’s but they may be frightening or misleading. intense exposure can lead to increased sexual activity

who are the most common confidants when it comes to learning about sex?

same sex friends

what is adolescent sexuality heavily influenced by?

sexual content

what do many adolescents believe when it comes to sex?

that all sex is not sex

what is the most serious STI?

aids

when does self-esteem dip?

at puberty

self-esteem during puberty

less confidence and more depression

important and helpful factor in depression

social support

when is the risk of self-harm at its greatest?

right after puberty

major depressive disorder (MDD)

feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that lasts two weeks or more

how long does major depressive disorder last?

2 weeks or more

at what age is suicidal ideation most common?

around 15 years old

why are males more successful at suicide than women?

men choose more lethal methods such as hanging or using lethal weapons

parasuicide

any deliberate attempt that could have been lethal

what race has the highest suicide rate?

native american

what sex has higher parasuicide?

teen girls

what sex has higher completed suicide?

teen boys

higher completed suicide in boys of what characteristics?

troubled about gender identity or sexual orientation

suicide influences

media and cluster suicides

what are some prevention efforts to suicide?

attend to warning sides; train adults to recognize. provide adult and peer support. offer information about telephone hotlines. schools and communities; supportive adult and peer relationships. stay with suicidal individual

Treatment for suicide/prevention

Medication and therapy

Post suicide

Watchful eye on other vulnerable adolescents

What group is the most likely to get arrested?

Boys and youth of minority ethnic groups

Who commits more serious and violent crimes?

Males

Juvenile delinquent

Person under the age of 18 who breaks the law

Adolescence-limited offender

Person whose criminal activity stops by age 21

People who are in jail as children longer are more likely to.?

Stay there because of continuing violence and crimes

Life course persistent offender

A person whose criminal activity typically begins in early adolescence and continues throughout life ; career criminal

What are related factors of delinquency?

Low intelligence, poor school performance, difficult temperament, parenting;harsh and inconsistent, poverty stricken neighborhoods

3 signs that predict delinquency

Bullying, shop lifting, stubbornness

Preventing adolescent delinquency

Start early intervene on multiple levels. Zero tolerance policies ineffective. multi systemic therapy: combines family intervention with positive school, work, and leisure activities

Early-onset

Behavior that begins in childhood

What is included in early onset?

Biological risks and inept parenting combine. Linked to serious antisocial activity

Late -onset

Begins around puberty

What is included in late onset?

Peer influences. Most abandon antisocial behavior. Serious offenses can close off opportunities and perpetuate life of crime

When does drug use peak?

Age 20

What are environmental factors that are linked to drug use and abuse?

Low SES, family with mental health issues, poor school performance, physical and sexual abuse

Type of drug that most teens try

Psychoactive

When is brain damage more likely?

Before age 15

True of false: cigarette smoking has decreased in America

True

Effects of tobacco

Slows down growth, can damage developing hearts, lungs, brains, and reproductive

What is the most frequently abused drug among North American teens?

Alcohol

What are the issues with heavy drinking?

May permanently impair memory and self control by damaging the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

What area of the brain does alcohol affect?

Area that is involved in respiration

Adolescents who regularly smoke marijuana are more likely to:

Drop out of school, be unemployed, become teen parents, experience depression

What stems from smoking too much marijauana?

Lower intelligence and decreased brain connections

Generational forgetting

Each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned

What does generational forgetting refer to?

Knowledge about the harm drugs can do

What works in regards to generational forgetting?

Graphic image ads that target adolescent audience. Parental example and social changes.

What ages are included in emerging adulthood?

Ages 18 to 29

What is the last part of the body to mature in your mid twenties?

Brain

What period of lifetime is thought of as a separate developmental age?

Emerging adulthood

Arnett thoughts on emerging adulthood in western cultures