BIOL 216 TOPIC 4.1

Animals can thermoregulate in both ________ and ___________ ways.

Physiological, behavioral

In below freezing temperatures, the lipid bilayer of cells changes from _______ to ________ _____ and ______ form inside and outside the cell. This is _______ to the cell, and organelles are __________ and function is ________.

Fluid, frozen gel, crystals, lethal, destroyed, impaired

In optimal temperatures, which are roughly _____ to _____ degrees Fahrenheit, the cell is ________ and _______. This temperature range is the most efficient and best for cellular _________.

32, 113, alive, active, processes

In very high temperatures, _________ and _________ unfold and ________ due to excessive _______ energy. Function is ______ and metabolic capacity is _______.

Proteins, nucleic acids, denature, kinetic, lost, halted

Regulating body temperature to a specific _________ range maximizes ___________ __________.

Optimal, physiological performance

There are 2 different ways organisms can interact with their environment. They are classified as either an _________ or an __________.

Endotherm, ectotherm

Ectotherms include _____, ________, and _________. They obtain heat from their _________ and therefore must live in one with a ________ temperature. They have a relatively ______ metabolic rate and ______ surface area, allowing them to _______ heat. The metabolic rate _________ when temperatures are low to ______ energy.

Fish, invertebrates, amphibians, environment, favorable, low, low, conserve, decreases, save

Endotherms include _______ and _______. They generate body heat _________ and maintain body heat within a ______ and ________ range. They balance internal heat __________ with external heat ______. When temperatures are low, the metabolic rate ________ to __________ energy.

Birds, mammals, metabolically, narrow, controlled, production, loss, rises, generate

Torpor

A period of temperature related inactivity, such as hibernation.

To conduct more heat, an animal may ______ up its external ______ or ______ to increase __________ volume. This traps a layer of air ________ to the skin. Heat released by the animal is also __________ here, _______ the animal.

Fluff, coat, fur, insulation, adjacent, trapped, shielding

It is difficult to _______ heat in ________ environments. Whales cope with this through a thick layer of _________ _________.

Retain, marine, insulating, blubber

For an animal to cool off and __________ heat, some animals have evolved to have ___________ backs, allowing animals in high heat environments to stay cool without losing valuable ________ through sweating. This can be observed in desert animals including __________.

Dissipate, reflective, water, gazelles

Blood flow can be thermoregulated. In cold temperatures, blood flows __________ the surface, _______ heat under a fatty layer of skin. In warm temperatures, blood flows ____________ to the surface, letting heat _______.

Below, conserving, close, off

In the process of vasoconstriction, skin blood vessels ________, decreasing _________ to skin. Less heat is __________ to environment, _________ heat.

Constrict, blood flow, conducted, conserving

In the process of vasodilation, internal blood vessels _________, increasing blood flow to _______. This ________ heat to inner body.

Dilate, organs, conserves

To maintain the temperature of ___________, ______ and ________ are close together. Warm blood in the ________ heats cooler _________ blood. __________ flow maximizes heat _________ and keeps temperatures even.

Extremities, veins, arteries, arteries, vein, counter-current

The nervous system engages in thermoregulation through _______ changes (blood flow), ________ cooling (sweating and panting), _________ heat (shivering), and behavior (for ex, seeking shade)

Vascular, evaporative, metabolic

During nervous system thermoregulation, continuous monitoring by __________ receptors of the ___________ and by _________ receptors of the ________ and hypothalamus allows the nervous system to obtain data and coordinate a response.

Peripheral, environment, central, core organs

In cold environments, the nervous system may trigger shivering by inducing ________ neurons to trigger movement in the _______ muscles.

Motor, skeletal

During nervous system thermoregulation, the _________ nerve may cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction by triggering the ________ in the skin. This nerve may also trigger ____________ to release sweat.

Sympathetic, smooth arterioles, sweat glands

Lines body structures and cavities, forming a protective, secretory, and absorptive covering.

Epithelial Tissue

Provides framework and integration for organs, provides support and structural integrity

Connective Tissue

Specialized contractile tissue designed for force generation, provides movement and locomotion

Muscle Tissue

Highly complex network interpreting environmental stimuli, transmits information rapidly

Nervous Tissue

Squamous epithelial cells form a _______ layer in the walls of ______ and air sacs of ________, helpful for ___________

Flat, blood vessels, lungs, diffusion

Cuboidal epithelial cells are cubelike cells, outside edges may have ________, found in ________ and ______ and _________ tubes, helpful for ___________ and __________

Microvilli, glands, kidney, nephron, secretion, absorption

Columnar epithelial cells form a layer of tall, _______ cells. Outside edges may have ________, and are found in the linings of the _______ and _________ tract. Helpful for secretion and absorption.

Slender, microvilli, gut, respiratory

Thin layer of cells lining inside of blood vessels, controls vascular tone, permeability, and immune response

Endothelium

Loose connective tissue is a __________ matrix of collagen and elastin surrounding cells. Found in the _______ and is good for ________, elasticity, and _________.

Glycoprotein, skin, support, diffusion

Fibrous connective tissue is composed of dense ________ surrounded by collagen and elastin. It’s found in the _______ and ___________ and it’s good for ___________ and ___________.

Fibroblasts, tendons, ligaments, strength, elasticity

Cartilage is a kind of connective tissue composed of ___________ embedded in a collagen and ______________ matrix. It’s found in _____ ends, the _______, ______, and the _________, and it’s good for support, ____________, and low friction ________ movement.

Chondrocytes, chondroitin sulfate, bone, nose, airways, skeleton, flexibility, joint

Bone connective tissue is composed of ___________ in a hardened __________ and ____________ matrix. It’s found in ______ and helps with ______, _________, and ______.

Osteocytes, glycoprotein, collagen, bones, movement, support, protection

Adipose connective tissue is composed of large and _______ packed ________. It’s found under the ________ and around the _________ and __________, and it stores ______, provides __________, and cushions organs.

Tightly, adipocytes, skin, heart, kidneys, energy, insulation

Blood is a kind of connective tissue and is composed of __________, ____________, and ______________ suspended in a plasma matrix. It’s found in the circulatory system and transports __________, _________, and _______.

Leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, nutrients, gases, waste

A tendon is a connection between bone and _________ and provides force and movement. A ligament is a connection between bone and _________ and stabilizes joints and limits excessive motion.

Muscle, bone

Muscle contractile tissue is composed of bundles of long, straited _____________ cells called _________________. They can have special end __________ or tapered ___________. This tissue is found in bones, the walls of the ________, and _______, and it’s good for generating force, powering movement, and pumping ______.

Contractile, muscle fibers, junctions, ends, heart, organs, fluids

Nervous tissue is specialized to transmit ___________ and ____________ signals through the body, coordinating rapid responses and sensory __________.

Chemical, electrical, integration