Biochem Ch 17

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24 Terms

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routes for pyruvate

  • citric acid cycle

  • Alcoholic fermentation (No O2)

  • Anaerobic respiration


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Phosphorylation of glucose

makes glucose-6-phosphate

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Isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate

gives fructose-6-phosphate

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Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate

makes fructose-1,6-biphosphate

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Isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate

makes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

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Oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

gives 1,3-biphosphoglycerate

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Isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate

gives 2-phosphoglycerate

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Dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate

gives phosphoenolpyruvate

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Transfer of phosphate group

transfers phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP to give pyruvate


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Step 1: Phosphorylation of Glucose

  • Glucose + ATP → Glucose-6-Phosphate + ADP

  • Adds phosphate to glucose

  • -1 ATP

  • control step

  • Enzymes: Hexokinase, Glucokinase


<ul><li><p>Glucose + ATP → Glucose-6-Phosphate + ADP</p></li><li><p>Adds phosphate to glucose</p></li><li><p>-1 ATP</p></li><li><p>control step</p></li><li><p><strong>Enzymes: </strong>Hexokinase, Glucokinase </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Step 2: Isomerization

  • Glucose-6-phosphate → Fructose-6-phosphate

  • Enzyme: glucose-phosphate isomerase


<ul><li><p>Glucose-6-phosphate → Fructose-6-phosphate</p></li><li><p><strong>Enzyme: </strong>glucose-phosphate isomerase</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Step 3: Phosphorylation

  • ATP + fructose-6-phosphate → fructose 1,6 bisphosphate + ADP

  • Control step

  • -1 ATP

  • committed step

  • Enzyme: Phosphofructokinase

    • ATP is allosteric factor: higher ATP= slower reaction


<ul><li><p>ATP + fructose-6-phosphate → fructose 1,6 bisphosphate + ADP</p></li><li><p>Control step</p></li><li><p>-1 ATP</p></li><li><p>committed step</p></li><li><p><strong>Enzyme:</strong> Phosphofructokinase</p><ul><li><p>ATP is allosteric factor: higher ATP= slower reaction</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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Step 4: Cleavage

  • Fructose 1,6- biphosphate → glyceraldehyde- 3P + dihydroxyacetone- P

  • Enzyme: Aldolase


<ul><li><p>Fructose 1,6- biphosphate → glyceraldehyde- 3P + dihydroxyacetone- P</p></li><li><p><strong>Enzyme:</strong> Aldolase</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Step 5: Isomerization

  • dihydroxyacetone-phosphate → glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate

  • Enzyme: triosephosphate isomerase

  • End of phase one:

    • Every step forward is happening twice (2 glyceraldehyde)


<ul><li><p>dihydroxyacetone-phosphate → glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate</p></li><li><p><strong>Enzyme</strong>: triosephosphate isomerase</p></li><li><p>End of phase one:</p><ul><li><p>Every step forward is happening twice (2 glyceraldehyde)</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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Step 6: Oxidation and Phosphorylation

  • Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + NAD+ → 1,3-biphosphoglycerate + NADH +H

  • Enzyme: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

  • +2 NADH


<ul><li><p>Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + NAD+ → 1,3-biphosphoglycerate + NADH +H</p></li><li><p><strong>Enzyme: </strong>glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase</p></li><li><p>+2 NADH</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Step 7: Transfer of a phosphate

  • 1,3-biphosphoglycerate + ADP → 3-phosphyclycerate +ATP

  • Enzyme: phosphoglycerate kinase

  • +2 ATP


<ul><li><p>1,3-biphosphoglycerate + ADP → 3-phosphyclycerate +ATP</p></li><li><p><strong>Enzyme:</strong> phosphoglycerate kinase</p></li><li><p>+2 ATP</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Step 8: Isomerization

  • 3-phosphoglycerate →2-phosphoglycerate

  • Enzyme: phosphoglyceromutase


<ul><li><p>3-phosphoglycerate →2-phosphoglycerate</p></li><li><p><strong>Enzyme: </strong> phosphoglyceromutase</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Step 9: Dehydration

  • 2-phosphoglycerate → phosphenolpycruvate

  • loss of water

  • Enzyme: enolase


<ul><li><p>2-phosphoglycerate → phosphenolpycruvate</p></li><li><p>loss of water</p></li><li><p><strong>Enzyme: </strong>enolase</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Step 10: Transfer of a Phosphate

  • Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP → pyruvate +ATP

  • Enzyme: pyruvate kinase (control)

    • allosteric

  • +2 ATP


<ul><li><p>Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP → pyruvate +ATP</p></li><li><p><strong>Enzyme: </strong>pyruvate kinase (control)</p><ul><li><p>allosteric</p></li></ul></li><li><p>+2 ATP</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Anaerobic Respiration

  • pyruvate → lactate

  • this step recycles NADH → NAD+

  • Enzyme: Lactate dehydrogenase


<ul><li><p>pyruvate → lactate</p></li><li><p>this step recycles NADH → NAD+</p></li><li><p><strong>Enzyme: </strong>Lactate dehydrogenase</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Alcoholic fermentation: Step 1

  • after glycolysis, pyruvate → acetaldehyde

  • pyruvate is loosing CO2

  • enzyme: pyruvate decarboxylase (redox)


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Alcoholic Fermentation: Step 2

  • acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol

  • NADH → NAD+

  • Enzyme: alcoholic dehydrogenase


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Fetal alcohol syndrome

  • ethanol → acetaldehyde

  • can be transferred through placenta

  • acetaldehyde is toxic and everyone processes it differently

  • deprives fetus of nutrients and oxygen


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Tooth Decay

  • bacteria grow on teeth

  • sugars, anaerobic respiration and plaque help growth

  • byproducts of anaerobic respiration: pyruvate and lactate which are acidic: degrades tooth enamel