Key Info - Medicine
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Who revolutionised nursing through hygiene and sanitation?
Florence Nightingale
What did Florence Nightingale introduce in hospitals?
Hygiene and sanitation standards
How did Nightingale use statistics?
To demonstrate the impact of sanitation on death rates
When was the Nightingale Training School established?
1860
What did the Nightingale Training School formalise?
Nursing as a profession
Who is considered the founder of modern nursing?
Florence Nightingale
What was Edwin Chadwick's main contribution?
Public health and sanitary reform
Which Act resulted from Chadwick's work?
Public Health Act, 1848
What did Chadwick believe caused disease?
Poor living conditions and inadequate sanitation
Which disease did Chadwick particularly associate with poor sanitation?
Cholera
What three issues did Chadwick link?
Poverty, disease and inadequate sanitation
Who is credited with founding modern epidemiology?
John Snow
When did John Snow investigate London's cholera outbreak?
1854
What did John Snow identify as the source of cholera?
A contaminated water pump
What did Snow's investigation help prove?
The waterborne nature of cholera
Which methods did John Snow use to investigate cholera?
Mapping and statistical analysis
Which anaesthetics did John Snow pioneer?
Ether and chloroform
Who discovered the anaesthetic properties of chloroform?
Sir James Young Simpson
What did Simpson use chloroform for in childbirth?
Pain relief during labour
Who first used chloroform in childbirth?
Sir James Young Simpson
What did Simpson promote in surgery and childbirth?
The use of anaesthesia
Who pioneered antiseptic surgery?
Joseph Lister
When did Lister introduce antiseptic surgery?
1865
Which substance did Lister use as an antiseptic?
Carbolic acid (phenol)
What did Lister use carbolic acid to sterilise?
Surgical instruments and wounds
What did Lister's antiseptic methods reduce?
Post-surgical infections and mortality
Who is known as the father of modern antiseptic surgery?
Joseph Lister
Who developed germ theory?
Louis Pasteur
What does germ theory state?
Microorganisms cause disease
What is pasteurisation?
Heating liquids to kill harmful microbes
Which liquids did Pasteur's pasteurisation process treat?
Milk and wine
Which two diseases did Pasteur develop vaccines for?
Rabies and anthrax
What did Pasteur demonstrate about microorganisms?
Their role in fermentation, disease and spoilage
Who was the first woman to qualify as a doctor in Britain?
Which year?
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
1865
Which hospital did Elizabeth Garrett Anderson found?
New Hospital for Women, London
What did Anderson's hospital provide?
Care for women and training for female doctors
Who established opportunities for women in medical education alongside Anderson?
Sophia Jex-Blake
When was the London School of Medicine for Women established?
1874
By what year did several institutions allow women to study medicine?
1900
Which two elements did Marie Curie discover?
Radium and polonium
When did Marie Curie win the Nobel Prize in Physics?
1903
When did Marie Curie win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry?
1911
How many Nobel Prizes did Marie Curie win?
Two
What medical treatment did Curie's research help develop?
Radiation therapy for cancer
Who was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize?
Marie Curie
Who developed Salvarsan?
Paul Ehrlich
When was Salvarsan discovered?
1909
What disease did Salvarsan treat?
Syphilis
What was the 'magic bullet' theory?
Drugs target pathogens without harming the body
Who introduced the magic bullet concept?
Paul Ehrlich
What did Ehrlich's research contribute to understanding?
Antibodies and immunology
Who established Koch's postulates?
Robert Koch
What do Koch's postulates link?
Specific pathogens to specific diseases
Which two disease-causing bacteria did Koch identify?
Tuberculosis and cholera
What laboratory techniques did Koch develop?
Methods to isolate and culture bacteria
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
When was penicillin discovered?
1928
Who discovered the first true antibiotic?
Alexander Fleming
What did penicillin treat?
Bacterial infections
Who developed methods to mass-produce penicillin?
Howard Florey and Sir Ernest Chain
When did Florey and Chain receive the Nobel Prize?
1945
Why was penicillin important during World War II?
It treated soldiers' infections and saved lives
What did penicillin's success lead to?
The development of other antibiotics
Who wrote the Beveridge Report?
William Beveridge
When was the Beveridge Report published?
1942
What did the Beveridge Report help establish?
The British welfare state and NHS
What type of healthcare did Beveridge recommend?
Universal healthcare, regardless of income
What were Beveridge's five giants?
Want, disease, ignorance, squalor and idleness
When was the NHS established?
1948
When did the NHS come into operation?
5 July 1948
What was the NHS's main principle?
Healthcare free at the point of use
Which services did the NHS provide?
General medical care, hospitals, maternity and mental health care
What was the main purpose of the Public Health Act 1848?
Improving urban sanitation
What did the Public Health Act 1848 establish?
Central Board of Health
What was the limitation of the Central Board of Health?
It lacked enforcement power
Which later Act did the Public Health Act 1848 pave the way for?
Public Health Act 1875
What did the Public Health Act 1875 require local authorities to provide?
Clean water, sewer systems and proper waste disposal
What housing problems did the Public Health Act 1875 address?
Overcrowding, unsanitary housing and slums
What powers did local authorities receive under the 1875 Act?
Regulation and inspection of public health and sanitation
Who discovered blood groups in 1901?
Karl Landsteiner
Which blood groups did Landsteiner identify?
A, B and O
Why did the discovery of blood groups improve transfusions?
It allowed donor and recipient compatibility to be checked
When did blood transfusions gain prominence in warfare?
World War I
When did blood banks develop?
1930s
When did blood transfusions become increasingly safe?
1920s
Which anaesthetics were introduced in the 1840s?
Ether and chloroform
What did anaesthesia make possible?
Less painful and more complex surgery
When did Lister introduce antiseptic surgery?
1865
Who discovered X-rays?
Wilhelm Röntgen
When were X-rays discovered?
1895
What did X-rays allow doctors to do?
View inside the body without surgery
What could X-rays identify?
Fractures, tumours and foreign objects
What did X-rays later become used for?
Radiation therapy for cancer
When did the Liberal Governments introduce their reforms?
1906–1911
Which major health legislation was introduced in 1911?
National Insurance Act
What did the National Insurance Act 1911 provide?
Health insurance for workers
What benefits did early Liberal reforms provide?
Sickness and unemployment benefits
Which groups particularly benefited from the National Insurance Act?
Workers
Which woman campaigned for better maternity care?
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
What did women medical pioneers promote during childbirth?
Hygiene, sterilisation and safer maternity care