Plant Form & Function Chapters 4, 5, 6

Mycorrhizae - Which statement is incorrect?

A. The type of mycorrhizae in which the fungi invade the plant cells is called endotrophic
B. Only plants benefit from a mycorrhizae association
C. Ectotrophic mycorrhizae do not enter the tree root cells
D. Mycorrhizae benefit both the plants and the fungi
E. Mycorrhizae are essential for normal growth and development of trees and many herbaceous plants

B. Only plants benefit from a mycorrhizae association - fungi also receive nutrients and benefits from this relationship

Mycorrhizae roots are those that:
A. Have a symbiotic association with fungi
B. Have a symbiotic association with nitrogen fixing bacteria
C. Contain hyphae of parasitic fungi
D. Are above ground roots that support the stem
E. Are propagative roots

A. Have a symbiotic association with fungi

Root hairs are found in the region of the root called the _______

zone of maturation.

How does monocot root structure differ from dicot root structure?

Monocot roots typically have a fibrous root system with no distinct central taproot, while dicot roots usually feature a prominent taproot along with smaller lateral roots.

The region of cell division in a root is also known as _______

the meristematic zone.

Cells of the root cap ease the growth of young roots through the soil by _______

protecting the root tip and secreting mucilage for lubrication.

Cells of an endodermis that do not have Casparian strips are ______

known as passage cells.

Amyloplasts

specialized organelles in plant cells that store starch and are involved in starch synthesis.

Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts are organelles in plant cells that contain chlorophyll and are responsible for carrying out photosynthesis, the process of converting light energy into chemical energy (sugar). 🌱

Chromoplasts

Chromoplasts are organelles in plant cells that produce and store pigments, giving fruits, flowers, and other plant parts their yellow, orange, and red colors. 🌼

Leucoplasts

Leucoplasts are colorless organelles in plant cells that store nutrients, such as starch, oils, and proteins. 🌱

Gravoplasts

Gravoplasts are specialized plastids that help plants sense gravity, allowing roots to grow downward and shoots to grow upward. They contain starch-filled structures called statoliths that settle in response to gravity. 🌱

Monocots, such as grasses, usually have ______ root systems

Fibrous

Parts of the pericycle and parenchyma between the arms of xylem and patches of phloem in young roots of many dicots and conifers become ______

Vascula Cambium

Which of the following tissues is common in roots but not stems?
A. endodermis
B. parenchyma
C. cortex
D. epidermis
E. pith

A. endodermis

In traversing the root to the central xylem vessels, the last living tissue that water passes through before entering the xylem is the ________

endodermis

The perception of gravity by a root takes place in ______

statocytes in the root cap

Roots that develop from an organ OTHER than an existing root are called ___________

Adventitious Roots

_______ root systems develop from the radicle

Taproot

Which of the following is a part of the embryo of a seed?
A. root hairs
B. radicle
C. fibrous roots
D. taproot
E. adventitious roots

B. Radicle

Typical root systems form up to ____ of the total dry biomass of a plant

50%

In addition to anchoring a plant, roots usually function directly in which of the following processes?
A. Photosynthesis
B. Production of new leaves
C. Production of bud scales
D. Absorption of minerals in solution
E. All of the above

D. Absorption of minerals in solution

In which location would an intercalary meristem be found?
A. apical regions
B. base of grass leaves
C. tips of leaves
D. tips of roots
E. shoot tips

B. base of grass leaves

A root system may function in which of the following?
A. Anchorage and storage
B. Growth
C. Absorption and conduction
D. Production of new roots
E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Parenchyma

Living, thin-walled plant cells that make up much of a plant’s ground tissue. They function in photosynthesis, storage of nutrients and water, and tissue repair.

Cork Cambium

A lateral meristem that produces cork cells (protective outer bark) and replaces the epidermis as a plant stem or root increases in thickness.

Xylem

Vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. It also provides structural support.

Collenchyma

Living plant cells with unevenly thickened cell walls that provide flexible support to growing stems, leaves, and other plant parts.

Epidermis

The outermost layer of cells covering a plant’s leaves, stems, and roots. It protects the plant from water loss, injury, and pathogens.

Apical Meristems

Areas where new plant cells are produced

Which tissue is derived from the apical meristem?
A. protoderm
B. cork cambium
C. periderm
D. secondary phloem
E. secondary xylem

A. Protoderm

In grasses and related plants, intercalary meristems are found in the vicinity of?

The bases of leaves and internodes — in grasses, intercalary meristems are located near the base of leaves and stems, allowing them to regrow after being cut or grazed.

Primary tissues can be traced to their origin in _______

Apical Meristems

Which tissue is derived from the apical meristem?

Protoderm

Which of the following is a meristematic tissue?
A. parenchyma
B. cork cambium
C. xylmen
D. collenchyma
E. epidermis

B. cork cambium

Actively dividing cells can be found in
A. meristems
B. xylem tissue
C. epidermal tissue
D. center of stems
E. phloem tissue

A. meristems

Root Hairs

Tiny extensions of root epidermal cells that increase the surface area of the root, allowing it to absorb more water and dissolved minerals from the soil.

Radicle

The embryonic root of a seed that develops into the plant’s first root after germination.

Fibrous Roots

A root system made up of many thin roots of similar size that spread out from the base of the stem, rather than one main root. Common in monocots, such as grasses.

Taproot

A root system with one large, main root that grows downward from the radicle, with smaller lateral roots branching off it. Common in dicots, such as carrots and dandelions.

Adventitious Roots

Roots that grow from plant parts other than an existing root, such as stems or leaves. For example, roots that grow from the stem of a corn plant.

_________ root systems develop from the radicle

Taproot

When three or more leaves occur at a node, the leave arrangement is said to be ________

Whorled

The tissue adjacent to the endodermis toward the center of the root is the ________

Pericycle

Axillary buds are found in ______

Leaf Axils

A twig’s age can be determined by _______

Counting the terminal bud scale scars along the stem. Each set of scars typically represents one year of growth.

Paired appendages associated with leaf petioles are ________

Stipules

Stems and roots exhibit indeterminate growth, which means:
A. they have a growth pattern similar to animals
B. they grow only during the first season, regardless of how long the plant lives
C. they grow throughout the lifetime of the plant
D. they exhibit only secondary growth
E. they exhibit only primary growth

C. they grow throughout the lifetime of the plant

Leaves and buds are attached to the stem at the _________

Nodes

An annual ring:
A. consists primarily of cells produced by an apical meristem
B. consists of one year’s growth of xylem and phloem
C. consists of one year’s growth of xylem
D. includes cortex and pith tissue
E. conducts food

C. consists of one year’s growth of xylem

The procambium produces ________

Primary Xylem and Primary Phloem

The _________ is a primary meristem that produces parenchyma cells of the cortex

ground meristem

As woody stems age, lenticels develop directly beneath _____

Stomata

This tissue is responsible for the production of cork cells

Cork Cambium

Which of the following statements pertaining to monocots is true?
A. They have no vascular cambium
B. Their vascular bundles are arranged in a ring
C. Most of them are woody
D. They have a definite cortex and pith
E. Their stems generally have conspicuous cork

A. They have no vascular cambium

Which of the following function primarily in the lateral conduction of food in a stem?
A. Resin Canals
B. Laticifers
C. Tyloses
D. Lenticels
E. Rays

E. Rays

Monocot systems have discrete regions of xylem and phloem arranged ______

scattered throughout the ground tissue of the stem

Herbaceous dicot stems have discrete regions of xylem and phloem arranged _______

In a ring

What function does the stem have in common with the root?

Conduction (transport) — both stems and roots contain vascular tissues that transport water and minerals through the xylem and sugars through the phloem.

In the youngest portion of a woody stem, the epidermis is produced by the ________

protoderm

In the older woody portion of the stem, the epidermis is replaced by cork produced by the ___________

Cork cambium (phellogen).

Horizontal stems that produce roots and shoots are _______

Rhizomes

The “eyes” of the Irish potato are actually ________

Axillary Buds

Which of the following specialized stems have relatively long internodes?
A. Rhizomes
B. Stolons
C. Tubers
D. Corms
E. Bulbs

B. Stolons

A very thin sheet of desirable wood that is carefully cut so as to produce the best possible view of the grain, then glued to cheaper lumber is called:
A. exelsior
B. cooperage
C. quartersawed wood
D. veneer
E. piling wood

D. veneer

The bases of lost branches that have become covered over with new annual rings of wood are called _______

knots

The pattern of growth in a woody stem that allows someone to determine the age of the stem results from ________

The formation of annual rings of secondary xylem