Kin 147 Exam 1

Module 0

Intro and Review

What is anatomical reference position?

Erect standing position with all body parts facing _____;

considered the ______ ______ for all body segment movements

forward; starting point

Which plane do forward and backward movements occur?

Sagittal

Which plane do lateral movements occur?

Frontal

Which plane do rotational movements occur?

Transverse

What movements occur in the sagittal plane?

flexion, extension, hyperextension, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion

What movements occur in the frontal plane?

abduction, adduction, lateral flexion, elevation, depression, inversion, eversion, radial and ulnar deviation

What is inversion//eversion?

Inversion (turns foot toward midline in the frontal plane)

Eversion (turns foot away from midline in the frontal plane)

What is radial//ulnar deviation?

Ab/adduction at wrist

What is elevation and depression?

elevation: raising a body part

depression: lowering a body part

What movements occur in the transverse plane?

medial rotation, lateral rotation pronation, supination, horizontal adduction//abduction

Module 1

Dynamometry and Goniometry

What is muscle function?

- contractibility

- responsible for movement

What are 4 ways to assess muscle function?

- strength testing

- Manual Muscle Testing

- Dynamometry

- Electromyography

What is MMT (manual muscle testing)?

- used to determine the extent of muscular weakness as the result of disuse, injury, or disease

- can be used to aid diagnosis and plan therapeutic exercises when a strength deficit exists

MMT is generally an ___________ test, but can also test through ________ __ __________.

Isometric

range of motion

How does the examiner grade the muscle contraction during MMT?

- using the MMT Grading scale after they try to "break" the participant by moving them away from their isometric hold

Where should the participant be placed for MMT?

Muscle is generally placed at optimum muscle length-tension relationship

)exact position varies per muscle group)

What is the length-tension relationship?

relationship between the muscle length and the force the muscle can produce at that length.

Why is the length-tension relationship important?

we want to be able to test at the optimal strength length

How can you maximize your mechanical advantage when performing MMT?

Patient positioning and examiner positioning

How could you modify MMT if the patient cannot lift their leg into the optimal position?

Gravity eliminated test

Which describes isokinetic strength test?

push against resistance at constant speed

In order to resist the patient isometrically, the amount of __________ you apply must _________ the amount of _______ the patient applies.

torque, match, torque

What is the equation for torque?

Torque = Force x movement arm

What happens when you increase the movement arm of your resistance force?

maximize your leverage

What are the two types of dynamometers?

hand held and isokinetic

What does isometric mean?

push against immobile resistance

What does concentric mean?

push against resistance; speed not constant

- you win

What does eccentric mean?

push against resistance; resistance wins

What does isokinetic mean?

push against resistance at constant speed

What can you measure with dynamometry?

- peak force

- average force

- power = (force / time)

- time to force peak or decline (fatigue)

What are the pros of using a handheld dynamometer?

- cheap

- easy to use

- quick in clinic

What are the pros of using an isokinetic dynamometer?

- insanely accurate

- can compare between subjects

- multiple measurement modes

- can measure any joint

- not reliant on tester strength

What are the two ways to measure ROM/flexibility?

- stretching test

- goniometry

What can limit ROM?

- muscle tightness

- tendon stiffness

- ligament stiffness

- other issues (fascia, retinaculum)

- injury

What is passive goniometry testing?

you move the patient to their end range

What is active goniometry testing?

patient moves to the end of range

The MMT grading scale ranges from:

0-5

Module 2

Excel Refresher

What is the type function on excel to find standard deviation?

=STDEV

What is the typed function on excel to find the range within the data set?

=MAX(of data set) - MIN(of data set)

Mean

Average

Median

the central number

Mode

The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set.

Standard deviation

a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean

Module 3

2D Motion Capture and Analysis

What are clinical angles?

anatomical position is the ____ _____ position, and ____ ____ are 0 in anatomical position

standard reference

joint angles

Walking Gait Cycle

What percent of the gait cycle is the stance phase?

• Heel strike / initial contact:

• Loading response: 20%

• Mid stance:

• Toe off:

What percent of the gait cycle is the swing phase?

• Mid swing:

• Terminal swing:

60%

• Heel strike / initial contact: 0%

• Loading response 20%

• Mid stance: 30%

• Toe off: 60%

40%

• 80%

• 100%

Running Gait Cycle

What percent of the gait cycle is the stance phase?

• Heel strike / initial contact:

• Loading response: 10%

• Mid stance:

• Toe off:

What percent of the gait cycle is the swing phase?

• Mid swing:

• Terminal swing:

40%

• Heel strike/ initial contact: 0%

• Loading response: 10%

• Mid stance: 20%

• Toe off: 40%

60%

• Mid swing: 80

• Terminal swing: 100%

The running gait cycle is the _________ __________ of the gait cycle percentages.

exact inverse

What is stride?

heel strike to heel strike of same foot

(1 gait cycle)

What is step?

heel strike on one side to heel strike on the opposite side

How is step width measured?

Horizontal distance between the middle of one foot and the middle of the opposite foot

What are some things to consider when using 2D motion capture? (3 things)

- Camera position

- camera image quality

- Frame rate = minimum of 30 Hz

Do goniometry apps report the clinical angles?

False

What is the minimum frame rate recommended in lecture?

30 Hz

Where do we find normative data from?

- own data

- normative data base

- publications

Only with stride we can get width of walking gait.

False

Module 4

3D Motion Capture

How many minimum cameras are needed for 3D motion capture?

2

What is capture volume?

- area of interest

- the coverage area of the 3D motion capture cameras w/in lab

What are the system calibration steps?

1. Turn on system

2. Examine cameras

3. Determine capture volume

4. Masking (manual and system)

5. Wand calibration (make an omelette)

6. Define origins

How many markers are necessary for each body segment?

3

How to measure leg length?

- ASIS to medial malleolus (prone position)

- greater trochanter to medial malleolus (standing)

How many reflective markers are used in the plug-in-gait?

16

What extra step does plug-in-gait require?

anthropometric data

-height

-weight

-leg length

-knee width

-ankle width

Which model did we use in Lab for 3D motion capture?

Lower Body Plug-in Gait

Define the origins

x -

y -

z-

sagittal plane

frontal plane

transverse plane

Within Vicon, the model output indicates the frames taken per second. (example 100 model output = 100 frames per second)

True

Which segments would be used to form the following angles?

1. Ankle

• Which segments?

2. Knee

• Which segments?

3. Hip

• Which segments?

Ankle - foot and tibia /shank

Knee - tibia/ shank and femur

Hip - femur and pelvis

Module 5

3D Motion Analysis

Where in the gait cycle do we have absorption?

Heel Strike (initial contact)

Where in the gait cycle do we have generation?

Toe off

What are the two most common overuse injuries?

Patellofemoral Pain (PFP) and IliotibialBand Syndrome (ITBS)

What are extrinsic risk factors for injury?

footwear and fatigue

What are intrinsic risk factors for injury?

age, gender, mass, running technique, muscular weakness, previous injury, anatomical structure, flexibility

What's dynamic knee valgus?

increased knee _____, knee ____rotation, hip ____, and hip _____rotation

adduction, internal , adduction, internal

What does RROI stand for?

Running

Related

Overuse

Injuries

ACL injuries

Mostly non-contact

Occurs in landing and cutting

Interpreting

• For our purpose, we will use the Gait Cycle as our reference to speak

• _________ starting point

-

• Our endpoint is _______

– what percent

• We have to be able to read graphs

Initial contact

0%

terminal swing

100%

Angle at Initial Contact

Peak angle

10 degrees (Knee angle)

70 degrees

Angle at Initial contact

Peak angle

Angle at toe off

Angular excursion

6 degrees of hip adduction

10 degrees of hip adduction

6 degrees of hip abduction

10-(-6) = 16 degrees

Angle at Initial Contact

Peak angle

Angle at toe-off

Angular excursion

Mid stance

6 degrees of hip internal rotation

12 degrees of hip external rotation

10 degrees of hip external rotation

16 degrees

6 degrees of hip ER because its at 50%

Plug-in Gait Placement

Lower Limb:

1.R/L

2.R/L

3.R/L

4.R/L

5. R/L

6. R/L

Pelvis:

7. R/L:

8. R/L:

9. 
   

Thigh

Knee

Tibia

Toe

Ankle

Heel

Anterior superior iliac

Posterior superior iliac

Sacral