Seminar Professional Nursing Exam 2

CULTURE & DEI — What is diversity?

Diversity refers to differences in identities, experiences, values, beliefs, abilities, family structures, languages, socioeconomic circumstances, and life experiences.

CULTURE & DEI — What is inclusion?

Inclusion means creating an environment where people are welcomed, valued, respected, heard, and able to participate regardless of their differences.

CULTURE & DEI — What question helps assess diversity?

“Who is this person?” It encourages the nurse to learn about the individual rather than make assumptions.

CULTURE & DEI — What question helps assess inclusion?

“Does this person have a voice?” It helps determine whether the person feels respected, heard, and included in decisions.

CULTURE & DEI — What is culture?

Culture includes shared behaviors, communication, language, actions, beliefs, values, customs, and institutions that influence how people live and perceive health, illness, and healthcare.

CULTURE & DEI — How can culture affect nursing care?

Culture can influence communication, food beliefs, health practices, treatment preferences, who participates in healthcare decisions, and how people understand illness.

CULTURE & DEI — What is cultural awareness?

The ability and willingness to examine and understand differences in beliefs, perceptions, traditions, and values within one's own culture and other cultures.

CULTURE & DEI — Why is self-assessment important for cultural awareness?

It helps nurses recognize personal assumptions, biases, and beliefs that may affect patient care.

CULTURE & DEI — What is cultural diversity?

The broad range of individual, population, and societal characteristics, including age, sexual orientation, culture, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.

CULTURE & DEI — How can cultural differences affect communication?

Different languages, beliefs, traditions, and expectations can increase the risk of misunderstanding between patients and nurses.

CULTURE & DEI — What is cultural competence?

Developing the knowledge and skills needed to provide effective care across cultural differences. It is an ongoing effort.

CULTURE & DEI — What is cultural humility?

Ongoing self-reflection, recognition of personal bias and power differences, and willingness to learn from patients rather than assume expertise about their experiences.

CULTURE & DEI — How are cultural competence and cultural humility different?

Cultural competence emphasizes developing knowledge and skills to provide cross-cultural care; cultural humility emphasizes continuous self-reflection, recognizing bias, and learning from the patient.

CULTURE & DEI — Why should nurses let patients define their own experiences?

Patients are individuals, and their beliefs and preferences cannot be accurately assumed based only on their cultural background.

CULTURE & DEI — What does “culture gives us questions to ask, not answers about the person” mean?

Culture can guide assessment questions, but nurses should not assume an individual's beliefs, practices, or preferences based on group membership.

CULTURE & DEI — What is culturally responsive care?

Care that recognizes and responds respectfully to a patient's cultural beliefs, values, language, preferences, and needs.

CULTURE & DEI — What is person-centered care?

Care that considers the individual patient's needs, values, preferences, goals, and choices when planning and providing care.

CULTURE & DEI — What does “What Matters?” mean in person-centered care?

Ask the patient what matters most to them and use their goals and preferences to guide care planning.

CULTURE & DEI — What is Madeleine Leininger's Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality?

A nursing theory that helps nurses plan and provide culturally appropriate care for people with different cultural backgrounds and life experiences.

CULTURE & DEI — What is Leininger's Sunrise Enabler?

A cultural assessment tool that visually organizes factors influencing a person's culture and health to help healthcare providers deliver culturally congruent care.

CULTURE & DEI — What does culturally congruent care mean?

Care that fits the patient's cultural values, beliefs, practices, and needs while supporting safe and appropriate health outcomes.

CULTURE & DEI — What does ETHNIC stand for?

E = Explanation; T = Treatment; H = Healers; N = Negotiate; I = Intervention; C = Collaboration.

CULTURE & DEI — ETHNIC: What does E (Explanation) mean?

Explore the patient's understanding of the health problem and what they believe is causing it.

CULTURE & DEI — ETHNIC: What does T (Treatment) mean?

Ask what treatments, medications, remedies, or other practices the patient has tried.

CULTURE & DEI — ETHNIC: What does H (Healers) mean?

Ask whether the patient seeks help or advice from family, community members, traditional healers, religious leaders, or others.

CULTURE & DEI — ETHNIC: What does N (Negotiate) mean?

Work with the patient to develop a plan that respects their beliefs while addressing their health needs.

CULTURE & DEI — ETHNIC: What does I (Intervention) mean?

Develop a mutually acceptable plan of care that incorporates the patient's beliefs and practices when they are safe and feasible.

CULTURE & DEI — ETHNIC: What does C (Collaboration) mean?

Work with the patient, family, interpreters, community resources, and healthcare team to support care.

CULTURE & DEI — What is health equity?

Attaining the highest possible level of health for everyone through fair opportunities and attention to barriers that affect health.

CULTURE & DEI — What is health equality?

Providing the same resources or opportunities to everyone, regardless of whether their individual needs or barriers differ.

CULTURE & DEI — What is the difference between health equity and equality?

Equality provides the same resources to everyone; equity considers different needs and barriers so people have a fair opportunity to achieve good health.

CULTURE & DEI — What is the goal of Healthy People 2030 related to equity?

Eliminate health disparities, achieve health equity, and attain health literacy to improve health and well-being.

CULTURE & DEI — What are health disparities?

Differences in access to healthcare, quality of care, or health outcomes between populations.

CULTURE & DEI — What are vulnerable populations?

Groups at increased risk for poor health outcomes because of barriers to social, economic, or environmental resources, or because of illness or disability.

CULTURE & DEI — What are examples of vulnerable populations from the slides?

Immigrants and older adults.

CULTURE & DEI — What are social determinants of health (SDOH)?

The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, learn, worship, and age that influence their opportunities to achieve and maintain good health.

CULTURE & DEI — What are the five SDOH domains?

Economic stability; education access and quality; healthcare access and quality; neighborhood and built environment; social and community context.

CULTURE & DEI — SDOH: What is economic stability?

Factors such as income, employment, food security, and housing affordability that influence health.

CULTURE & DEI — How can economic instability affect a patient's health?

A patient may skip medications because they cannot afford them or struggle to afford food and housing.

CULTURE & DEI — SDOH: What is education access and quality?

Factors such as literacy, health literacy, language, and educational opportunities that influence health.

CULTURE & DEI — How can education or health literacy affect care?

A patient may misunderstand discharge instructions, medication schedules, or health information.

CULTURE & DEI — SDOH: What is healthcare access and quality?

Factors such as insurance, transportation, provider availability, and access to culturally appropriate care.

CULTURE & DEI — How can healthcare access barriers affect outcomes?

A patient may miss follow-up appointments because of transportation problems or limited provider availability.

CULTURE & DEI — SDOH: What is neighborhood and built environment?

Conditions such as housing safety, sidewalks, parks, pollution, and access to grocery stores.

CULTURE & DEI — How can neighborhood conditions affect health?

Unsafe housing, pollution, crime, or lack of sidewalks and grocery stores can limit health and well-being.

CULTURE & DEI — SDOH: What is social and community context?

Factors such as family support, discrimination, social isolation, and access to community resources.

CULTURE & DEI — How can social isolation affect health?

It can contribute to poor mental well-being and make it harder to maintain health routines or medication adherence.

CULTURE & DEI — What should a nurse do when a patient has limited English proficiency or prefers another language for medical discussions?

Use a qualified medical interpreter to support accurate communication and informed decision-making rather than relying on family members for important medical interpretation.

CULTURE & DEI — Why should nurses not automatically rely on family members to interpret medical information?

Important information may be misunderstood, omitted, or filtered, and privacy or accuracy may be compromised.

CULTURE & DEI — How should nurses provide care for patients with different sexual orientations and gender identities?

Use respectful, nonjudgmental, inclusive communication; avoid assumptions; and respect the patient's identity, preferences, and privacy.

CULTURE & DEI — What is cultural bias?

An assumption, judgment, or preference influenced by one's own cultural beliefs or experiences that may affect how another person is perceived or treated.

CULTURE & DEI — How can a nurse reduce the effects of personal bias?

Practice self-reflection, ask open-ended questions, listen without judgment, recognize power differences, and involve patients in decisions.

CULTURE & DEI — How can nurses support health equity?

Identify barriers to care, advocate for resources, provide accessible and culturally responsive information, use interpreters when needed, and include patients in care decisions.

ETHICS & LAW — Why must nurses understand nursing law and ethics?

Nurses are accountable for their own actions and decisions, and their practice must meet legal, professional, institutional, and ethical responsibilities.

ETHICS & LAW — What is statutory law?

Law passed by a legislative body, such as laws governing scope of practice, licensure, mandatory reporting, controlled substances, and HIPAA.

ETHICS & LAW — What is administrative or regulatory law?

Rules and regulations created by government agencies to carry out statutory laws, such as Board of Nursing rules.

ETHICS & LAW — What does a Board of Nursing do?

It regulates nursing practice, handles licensure, investigates complaints, and may take disciplinary action.

ETHICS & LAW — What is civil law?

Law addressing disputes between individuals or organizations, including malpractice claims.

ETHICS & LAW — What is criminal law?

Law addressing offenses against society, such as patient abuse, fraud, diversion of controlled substances, or falsification of records.

ETHICS & LAW — What is the Nurse Practice Act?

A state law that defines the legal framework for nursing practice, including scope of practice and licensure requirements.

ETHICS & LAW — What is scope of practice?

The range of activities a nurse is legally permitted and professionally prepared to perform.

ETHICS & LAW — What factors influence a nurse's scope of practice?

The Nurse Practice Act, Board of Nursing regulations, education, training, licensure, competence, institutional policies, and professional standards.

ETHICS & LAW — Does observing someone perform a procedure mean a nurse is competent or authorized to perform it?

No. Observation alone does not establish competence or legal authorization. The nurse must follow scope-of-practice requirements and seek appropriate supervision or training.

ETHICS & LAW — What should a nurse do when asked to perform a procedure they are not competent to perform?

Explain the limitation, seek appropriate supervision or training, and ensure the task is performed by someone qualified.

ETHICS & LAW — What is a tort?

A civil wrong that can result in legal liability.

ETHICS & LAW — What is assault in nursing?

An intentional threat or action that creates fear of unwanted physical contact, even if physical contact does not occur.

ETHICS & LAW — What is battery in nursing?

Intentional physical contact or treatment without valid consent.

ETHICS & LAW — What is the difference between assault and battery?

Assault involves a threat or fear of unwanted contact; battery involves actual unwanted physical contact. Remember: A comes before B.

ETHICS & LAW — What is false imprisonment?

Unlawfully confining or restraining a person against their will.

ETHICS & LAW — What is defamation?

Communication that harms another person's reputation.

ETHICS & LAW — What is libel?

Defamation in written form.

ETHICS & LAW — What is slander?

Defamation in spoken form.

ETHICS & LAW — What is invasion of privacy?

Improper disclosure or exposure of private information, including patient information.

ETHICS & LAW — What is negligence?

Failure to act as a reasonably prudent person would act in a similar situation.

ETHICS & LAW — What is malpractice?

Professional negligence committed while performing professional responsibilities.

ETHICS & LAW — What is the difference between negligence and malpractice?

Negligence is a failure to act reasonably; malpractice is negligence by a professional in the performance of professional duties.

ETHICS & LAW — What are the five key elements used to establish malpractice?

Duty to provide care, breach of duty, foreseeability of harm, causation, and actual harm.

ETHICS & LAW — What is duty in malpractice?

The nurse had a professional responsibility to provide care to the patient.

ETHICS & LAW — What is breach of duty?

The nurse failed to meet the expected standard of care.

ETHICS & LAW — What is foreseeability of harm?

The harm was reasonably predictable based on the circumstances.

ETHICS & LAW — What is causation in malpractice?

A direct connection between the nurse's action or failure to act and the patient's injury.

ETHICS & LAW — What are damages in malpractice?

Actual injury, harm, or loss experienced by the patient.

ETHICS & LAW — What is the standard of care?

What a reasonably prudent nurse would do in the same or similar situation, based on relevant professional standards and circumstances.

ETHICS & LAW — Is the standard of care based on what a perfect nurse would do?

No. It is based on what a reasonably prudent nurse would do in the same or similar situation.

ETHICS & LAW — What are common legal risks in nursing practice?

Medication or IV errors, failure to assess or monitor, failure to respond to changes, failure to question unsafe orders, poor handoffs, failure to escalate concerns, equipment errors, falls, policy violations, and documentation problems.

ETHICS & LAW — What should a nurse do when a medication order seems unsafe or unusually high?

Clarify the order with the prescriber and resolve the concern before administering the medication. Nurses remain accountable for their own actions.

ETHICS & LAW — What should a nurse do when a patient develops a new or worsening symptom?

Assess the patient promptly, recognize and report abnormal findings, intervene within scope, and escalate concerns as needed.

ETHICS & LAW — Why are accurate nursing documentation and records important?

They communicate patient status and care, support continuity and clinical decisions, and provide a record of what was assessed and done.

ETHICS & LAW — What are examples of improper documentation?

Failing to document care, recording inaccurate or incomplete information, altering records improperly, or documenting care that was not performed.

ETHICS & LAW — Why are poor handoffs and failure to report deterioration legal risks?

They can delay assessment or treatment and may represent a failure to meet the standard of care.

ETHICS & LAW — What is the purpose of confidentiality in nursing?

To protect private patient information and preserve patient trust.

ETHICS & LAW — Is it acceptable to discuss a patient's diagnosis in a public elevator if the nurse does not use the patient's name?

No. Contextual details may identify the patient, and public areas are not appropriate places to discuss protected health information.

ETHICS & LAW — Can a social media post violate patient confidentiality without a name, photograph, or hospital name?

Yes. Details about the patient's condition or circumstances may still make the person identifiable.

ETHICS & LAW — What is HIPAA concerned with in nursing practice?

Protecting the privacy and security of protected health information and regulating how it may be used or disclosed.

ETHICS & LAW — With whom may a nurse share patient information?

Only with people authorized to receive it and when there is a legitimate care-related or otherwise legally permitted reason; protect information from unnecessary disclosure.

ETHICS & LAW — What are key strategies for reducing legal risk?

Follow the standard of care, communicate effectively, document accurately and thoroughly, follow facility policies, and clarify unsafe orders.

ETHICS & LAW — What is a Good Samaritan law generally intended to do?

It may protect people who voluntarily provide emergency assistance in good faith, without compensation, when they act reasonably within their level of training and applicable law.

ETHICS & LAW — What should a person do before helping a conscious person in an emergency?

Ask for permission to help when feasible.

ETHICS & LAW — What is informed consent?

A voluntary agreement to a treatment or procedure after the patient understands its risks, benefits, and alternatives.