DEVOLOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY BASED ON NISSI REVIEWER

G. Stanley Hall

Considered the 'founder' of Developmental Psychology

Jean Piaget

Known as the 'father' of Developmental Psychology

Development

Systematic changes and continuities in an individual from conception to death

Physical development

Involves growth of the body, organ functioning, brain development, motor skills, and aging signs

Cognitive development

Changes in perception, language, memory, problem-solving, and mental processes

Psychosocial development

Involves changes in motives, emotions, personality traits, interpersonal skills, and roles in society

Growth

Physical changes from conception to maturity

Biological aging

Deterioration leading to death

Aging

Range of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes in mature individuals

Gerontologist

Experts in gerontology, the study of aging and its effects on well-being

Age norms

Society's expectations on behavior based on age

Social clock

A person's sense of timing for life events based on societal norms

Subcultural differences

Variances in age norms and meanings across different cultural groups

Nature

Emphasizes genetic, biological, and evolutionary influences on development

Nurture

Stresses environmental impacts and learning on development

Bronfenbrenner's bio-ecological model

Views development as influenced by environmental systems

Microsystem

Immediate physical and social environment impacting development

Mesosystem

Interconnections between different microsystems

Exosystem

Social settings indirectly affecting development

Macrosystem

Cultural context influencing development

Chronosystem

Concept of changes occurring over time in a person's life

Plasticity

Capacity to change in response to experiences

Neuroplasticity

Brain's ability to adapt to experiences throughout life

Paul Baltes

Outlined key assumptions of the life-span perspective in developmental psychology

Developmental Trajectories

Paths lives take influenced by historical and cultural context

Multiple Influences

Human development shaped by various internal and external causes

Interdisciplinary Study

Understanding development through collaboration of diverse disciplines

Scientific Method in Development

Theories tested through observation, requiring internal consistency and data support

Sample Selection

Choosing a well-defined group for study, often through random sampling

Data Collection Methods

Includes verbal reports, behavioral observations, and physiological measurements

Functional MRI

Brain-scanning technique measuring blood flow in active brain areas

Case Study Method

In-depth analysis of individual(s) through various sources like observation and testing

Experimental Method

Manipulating environment to observe behavior changes in a sample

Correlational Method

Determining systematic relationships between variables without manipulation

Cross-Sectional Design

Comparing different age groups to study age-related differences

Longitudinal Design

Assessing one cohort repeatedly over time to study age changes

Sequential Design

Combining cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches to study age and cohort effects

Cultural Sensitivity in Research

Studying development across various contexts with culturally sensitive methods

Research Ethics

Standards of conduct to protect participants from harm and ensure confidentiality

Informed Consent

Informing participants fully about research aspects for voluntary participation

Debriefing

Explaining the true purpose of the study to participants after completion

Protection from Harm

Ensuring participants are not physically or psychologically harmed during research

Confidentiality in Research

Keeping collected information confidential unless explicit permission is given

Thomas Hobbes

Portrayed children as inherently selfish and bad.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Argued children were innately good and born with an intuitive sense of right and wrong.

John Locke

Believed infants were 'blank slates' shaped by experiences, not inherently good or bad.

Nature-Nurture

Debate on whether development is influenced more by genetics or experiences.

Activity-Passivity

Focuses on whether individuals shape their own development or are shaped by external forces.

Continuity Theorists

View development as gradual, with no sudden changes.

Discontinuity Theorists

See development as a series of abrupt steps to a new level of functioning.

Quantitative Changes

Gradual changes in degree indicating continuity.

Qualitative Changes

Changes in kind suggesting discontinuity and fundamental differences.

Universality-Context Specificity

Debate on whether developmental changes are common to all or vary across contexts.

Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory

Focuses on unconscious motives, instincts, and early family experiences shaping personality.

Id

Impulsive, irrational part of personality seeking immediate gratification.

Ego

Rational side of personality finding realistic ways to satisfy instincts.

Superego

Internalized moral standards developed from parental values.

Psychosexual Development

Shift of libido seeking gratification in different body parts as child matures.

Oral Stage

Focus on mouth for pleasure; denial may lead to fixation.

Anal Stage

Focus on toilet training; balance between impulse gratification and control.

Phallic Stage

Development of incestuous desires and defense mechanisms.

Oedipus complex

Boy's love for mother, fear of father, resolved through father identification.

Identification

Process of internalizing attitudes and behaviors of another person.

Electra complex

Girl's desire for father, envy of father's penis, resolves by identifying with mother.

Latency period

6- to 12-year-olds focus on schoolwork and play, sexual urges are tame.

Genital stage

Final stage of psychosexual development in adolescence.

Defense mechanisms

Unconscious coping devices to defend against anxiety.

Repression

Removing unacceptable thoughts from consciousness.

Regression

Retreating to an earlier, less traumatic stage of development.

Projection

Seeing feared motives in others.

Reaction formation

Expressing motives opposite to real motives.

Erikson

Neo-Freudian focusing on psychosocial stages of development.

Psychosocial stages

Erikson's belief in 8 major conflicts during human life.

Behaviorism

Theory that all behaviors are learned through environmental interaction.

Classical conditioning

Learning where a neutral stimulus elicits a response through association.

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Unlearned stimulus that triggers a response.

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Learned stimulus that triggers a conditioned response.

Conditioned response (CR)

Learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

Operant conditioning

Learning where behavior changes based on consequences.

Reinforcement

Strengthening a response to make it more likely to occur.

Positive reinforcer

Desirable event that increases the likelihood of a behavior.

Negative reinforcement

Strengthening behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus.

Punishment

Decreasing behavior strength through negative consequences.

Positive punishment

Applying an unpleasant stimulus after a behavior.

Negative punishment

Removing a desirable stimulus after a behavior.

Observational learning

Learning by observing others' behavior.

Latent learning

Learning not immediately reflected in behavior.

Vicarious reinforcement

Behavior influenced by observed consequences.

Human agency

Deliberate cognitive control over actions and environment.

Self-efficacy

Belief in one's ability to achieve desired outcomes.

Reciprocal Determinism

Behavior influenced by personal factors and environment.

Constructivism

Theory that children actively construct knowledge.

Stages of Cognitive Development

Piaget's sequence of cognitive growth stages.

Conservation

Understanding properties remain despite superficial changes.

Information Processing theory

Explains how humans encode information into memory.

Sociocultural perspective

Cognitive development influenced by cultural interactions.

Systems Theories

Development from ongoing interactions in changing environments.

Evolutionary Theory and Ethology

Study of evolved behavior in natural environments.

Epigenetic Psychobiological Systems Perspective

Development from biological and environmental interactions.