mind and medicine exam 1

metaphysics

study of reality/existence (e.g. the nature of space and time, first causes of the universe)

epistemology

study of knowledge and the production of knowledge, how do we know something

empiricism

genuine knowledge comes from experience

rationalism

genuine knowledge comes from reason

logic

study of correct thinking, determines which inferences are justified, studies validity and soundness of arguments

ethics

study of right and wrong conduct, good and bad character

applied ethics

ethics of a particular area

historically, science and philosophy were not _______

distinct

three categories of philosophic impact on science

1) conceptual clarification

2) critique assumptions and generate new hypotheses

3) philosophy and cognitive science

conceptual clarification

asks what the definition and boundaries of terms are (e.g. “what is health?”)

critique assumptions

investigate what science takes for granted as fact (e.g. critique the self/non-self assumption in immunology)

paradigm shift

the switch from one central theory in a scientific discipline to another (e.g. geocentric → heliocentric)

behaviorism

the study of the mind should be restricted to the study of observable human behavior

cognitivism

switch to focus on internal mental processes and their functional role in generating behavior

Boorse aimed to define health and disease in value-____ terms

neutral

Boorse represented "_____” or “______” about disease, as opposed to ““______” or “social constructivism”

naturalism, objectivism; normativism

necessary condition

a condition/feature without which X would not be X (e.g. “rain would not be rain if it was not wet”)

sufficient condition

conditions whose presence guarantees that X obtains (e.g. a sufficient condition of being an American citizen is being born in the U.S.)

Boorse’s description of disease

a statistically abnormal internal state that reduces an organism’s ability to achieve an evolutionary goal/function; a state contrary to an individual’s species-typical nature

function

the contribution of some part of an organism towards a goal (ultimately: survival, reproduction)

reference class

an age group of a sex group of a species

subpersonal functions must contribute to _______

the organism’s higher-level goals

Boorse’s definition of disease claims a disease is anything that makes people less likely to have ______

descendants

broken bones, albinism, animal bites, electrocution, burns, obesity, drowning, and foreign objects in the body are all ______ by Boorse’s definition of disease

included

Boorse’s definition of illness

subjective experience of harm, incapacitation, etc. that often (but not always) results from a disease

intrinsic health

the absence of disease

instrumental health

the absence of states that tend to promote disease (e.g. unhealthy habits)

positive health

claim that health is not just the absence of disease but also the presence of desirable conditions of the body such as physical fitness (similar to instrumental health)

problem of universal diseases

argument against Boorse that states that some diseases (such as cavities or hypertension) are so widespread that they are not statistically rare enough to be considered diseases

Boorse’s response to the problem of universal diseases:

unless there are specific locations within every individual that are always diseased, these conditions still count as diseases

Boorse’s failure:

fails to consider statistically common diseases like senility in old age

Glackin believed in _____-______ or the idea that diseases categories are decisions rather than discoveries

social-constructivism

Thomas Szasz believed that mental illness can only be illnesses in a ______ sense, because the ____, unlike the brain, cannot be lesioned

metaphorical, mind

Szasz believed that medicine is ______ while psychiatry is ______

objective, evaluative

Boorse believed that both medicine and psychiatry are _______

objective

Glackin believed that both medicine and psychiatry are _______

evaluative

Szasz believed that psychiatry is often used as a method of…

control, eliminating unwanted behavior

social model of disability

disabilities can only be understood/defined in relation to some environment

medical model of disability

disabilities are dysfunctions in persons and are definable/understandable in isolation

Glackin believed that psychiatric diagnosis are ______ based on what society is willing to tolerate/accommodate

revisable

normativist views are ____ views that account for both biological variation and value judgements

hybrid

pluralist society/”liberal approach”

people will necessarily have different value judgements

Glackin believed that a disease must reduce an individual’s capacities but that those capacities must be _______ _______

socially valued

objectors to Glackin’s view disagree with making judgements of disease ______

relative

what was Glackin’s response to the issue of disagreements on how to classify certain conditions?

a liberal political state/society is built to handle disagreements

non-paternalism

the idea that patients must be treated as experts in their own case, even if we think they are acting wrongly

Glackin’s two rules for guiding disagreements:

1) conditions should be accommodated for whenever reasonably possible

2) people should be cured of conditions they view as harmful whenever possible

Glackin believed that coercion may be necessary in cases such as….

cases where the patient’s judgement is wrong or the patient is incapable of judgement (i.e. body dysmorphia, alzheimers)

dualism

belief that the mind and body (brain) are separate substances

monism/materialism/physicalism

there is only one substance (physical), minds/consciousness are physical

contemporary dualists

consciousness cannot be reduced to neurological processes

the “explanatory gap”

neurological explanations of cognitive phenomena do not explain why those processes are associated with awareness/experience

the “zombie thought experiment”

thought experiment that states that it’s logical for a human biologically identical to a regular human to lack consciousness, so consciousness must be something non-physical

non-reductive physicalism

minds are physical, but higher level (social/psychological) concepts are necessary to explain mental disorders

ontological reduction

higher levels of organization (i.e. organisms) are nothing but complicated organizations of lower-level parts (such as chemical processes)

explanatory reduction

higher levels of organization can be explained by lower levels of organization

natural kinds

things that exist in the natural world independently of society and it’s interactions with that thing (e.g. elements, subatomic particles, infectious diseases)

Banner states that he ______ change his position if reliable biomarkers for mental illness were found

would not

eliminativist

belief that discussions about genes/neural circuits/neurotransmitters will replace diagnostic categories

essentialist

belief that we will find genes/neural circuits/neurotransmitters that correspond to/are identical to diagnostic categories

multiple realizability

identical psychological states can be realized in multiple ways in the brain

Banner argues that the problem is with a _____ or _____-_____ relationship, not the _____ itself

person, person-environment; brain

disordered epistemic/rational norms

believing bizarre things/thinking irrationally

disordered emotional norms

experiencing emotional extremes innapropriate for one’s situation

disordered social/moral norms

behaving immorally or contrary to social norms

psychological realism

psychological concepts are necessary for identifying, classifying, explaining, and studying mental disorders

Schramme identified two interpretations of the word “complete health”: _____ and ______

perfect, holistic

the “perfect health” view interpreted the WHO definition….

quantitatively

free space

free space