Genetics

Adaptations

Natural Selection

Individuals with favourable traits succeed in performance wise; therefore, their alleles gets increased in the gene pool, less suited ones decrease, and non-favourable ones gets lost in the gene pool

Independent Assortment

Pairs of chromosomes line up randomly in the equator of a cell and when the cells splits, each chromosomes splits into different daughter cells.

How mutation create brand new alleles

Altering and inserting the wrong nucleotide base during DNA replication or repair

Crossing over

A biological process in where the chromatids of the paternal and maternal exchange genetic materials

Allele frequency

How common one specific type of allele is

Adaptations

A trait or behaviour that causes an individual more suited to survive.

The semi-conservative steps

1) An enzyme would unwind/unzip a DNA, revealing the base
2) New nucleotide base bonds and replace with one of strands
3) 2 identical copies of DNA; one that has original and the other has a new strand

Genetic markers and its purpose

Specific DNA sequence with a known location to locate alleles in the chromosomes that isn’t physically expressed and can be used to link/track diseases in heritage

What and why is genetic variation important

Different combination of alleles and is important as it allows for species to adapt, pass down traits, prevent vulnerability, and maintain population

Punnett Square and its purpose

A tool scientist use to predict what kind of traits/genotype the offspring would inherit

DNA

A molecule that is shaped as a double helix that contains all your living genetic information

Karyotype

An image of an individual’s set of chromosomes

Allele

Alternative version of a gene that is responsibled for coding a specific variation of a trait

Bottleneck effect

When an already small population gets further reduced in size due to a random population and is more prone to be subjects of genetic drift; therefore, resulting in lack of genetic variation

Heterozygous

Having two different pairs of alleles

How many pairs and individual set of chromosomes does a human have

23 pairs and 46 individual chromosomes

Mutation

When the DNA sequence of an individual permanently changes due to mutagens or an error that occurred during DNA replication.

What can mutations do that sexual reproduction can’t

Create brand new alleles

DNA sequencing and its purpose

Process that determines the order of the base in the DNA and used to find out how mutations starts

Factors that increases genetic variation in a population

1) Natural Selection
2) Migration/gene flow
3) Non random mating
4) Sexual reproduction

Dominant allele

An allele that only requires one copy of it to physically show up

Pedigree chart and its purpose

Diagram of an individual’s family genetic heritage and can be used to track/predict traits

Recessive allele

An allele that is usually masked and requires two copies of it to physically show up

Mitosis and its purpose

A type of cell division that happens throughout the body and produces cells that are genetically the same for repair and regrowth

Homozygous

Two same pairs of alleles

Gene pool

Total collection of all alleles present in a population

Chromosomes

A long strand of DNA and protein that is found in the nucleus of all living things, and contains genetic instructions

Gene

A strand of DNA that is responsible for coding protein and your traits

Founder effect

When a subset of an already small population gets moved into a new environment

Genetic drift

A mechanism of evolution where the frequency of alleles changing overtime due to randomness rather than natural selection, causing the reduce of genetic variation within a population

Test cross and its purpose

A process in using a known genotype to find out another unknown individual’s genotype

Meisos

A type of cell vision that only happens in the gonads in where it produces genetically different cells

Phenotype

A trait or behaviour that is physically expressed or observable

Complementary base pair rules

A-T and G-C

Genotype

Specific set of alleles of an individual that can be expressed with either/both capital and lower case letters

What A, G, T, and C stand for

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine

Species

A set of organisms that shares the same genetic heritage, can interbreed, and produce infertile offsprings

Nucleaus

Control center of a plant and animal cell, managing cellular growth

Nucleotides

Basic building blocks; sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

Genome

Complete set of genetic materials

DNA stand for…

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

Inbreeding depression

Two genetically closely related individuals breed with each other to produce an offspring that has little to no genetic variation