19th Century Euro Midterm Prep

The Estate System: First, Second, and Third

a social hierarchy in France prior to the French Revolution, dividing society into three estates: the First comprised the clergy, the Second consisted of the nobility, and the Third included the common people, who bore the brunt of taxation and responsibility.

Louis XVIII

Bourbon monarch restored falling Napoleon’s fall

Louis Phillippe I

the " bourgeoisie King" of France who reigned from 1830 to 1848, known for his support of the middle class and his eventual abdication during the February Revolution. July Monarchy

Jacobins

a radical political group during the French Revolution that advocated for republicanism and played a key role during the Reign of Terror, often associated with leaders like Maximilien Robespierre.

Robespierre

former lawyer and one of the most influential figures in the French Revolution, serving as a leader of the Jacobins and the architect of the Reign of Terror.

sans culottes

working-class revolutionaries in France known for their radicalism and direct action during the French Revolution, particularly their opposition to the monarchy and support for the Jacobins.

Noel Babeuf

last breath of left; economic rights and political rights are the same

Napoleon Bonaparte

French General who ascended to Emperor and established and empire

Prince Metternich

Austrian diplomat at Congress of Vienna; Concert of Europe

Decembrists Revolt

failed military coup d’stat against Tsar Nicholas I

Utopian Socialist

critique of Industrial Revolution; perfect harmonious way of life

Charles Fourier

Utopian socialist. selling of lying and deception.

Karl Marx

father of scientific socialism. dialectic—class struggle

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte III

French 2nd Republic. became emperor 1851 coup

Mary Shelly

Romantic and author of Frankenstein.