exam two brain development and sleep

Neural blooming and dendritic, spreading are different words to describe what

Developmental periods of excessive connections/synapsis being formed between neurons

Non-REM/deep sleep does which of the following from early childhood through late adulthood

Primarily decreases

As discussed by Dmitri Christakis In his TEDX talk which one of the following related to the overstimulation hypothesis with respect to brain development in children is true

If a child’s brain becomes accustomed to overstimulation by consuming quick moving images on a screen, the child’s brain will develop a need to experience this higher level of stimulation, and the child will be more likely to experience attention

Research shows that handedness has been correlated with

The location of the language center in the human brain

Creativity

The influence of parenting and cultural preferences

Insomnia is highest in which developmental stage

Late adulthood

Function of frontal lobe

Involved in voluntary movement, thinking personality, and intentionality or purpose

CEO of brain

What is the top layer of the frontal lobe?

Prefrontal cortex

Responsible for Highest level of thinking and takes 25 years to develop

Occipital lobe function

Vision

Parietal lobe function

Roles in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control

Temporal lobe function

Active role in hearing language, processing, and memory

Cerebellum function

Coordination and control of voluntary movement

Brain stem function

Breathing, digestion, heart control, blood vessel control, alertness

Neurons

Nerve cells handling information processing at the cellular level

Parts of a neuron

Axon, dendrites, synapses

Myelin sheath and myelination

Neural connections

Dendrites

Reach out to neurons and connect and is where neurons receive info

The brain is born with about how many neurons

85 to 100 billion

What occurs in the brain in infancy?

Dendritic spreading

Blooming and pruning of connections in brain

Changes in the brain during infancy have to do with the

Network of connections/dendritic Spreading

The brain in infancy – Myelination

Takes about 30 years to finish

The brain in infancy – Myelination

Takes about 30 years to finish

Times of exuberance in neural blooming in childhood

Prenatal to 18 months

3 to 6

10 to 12

Brain areas do not

Mature uniformly

Example – myelination ( laying down of myelin sheath )

In infancy, the brain needs

Love and responsiveness, stimulation and sensory exploration

Most people are right handed, and most of those people have their language centers on the

Left

People who are left-handed have language centers on

Their left or both

At birth, greater activity is in the

Left hemisphere

Lateralization refers to

Increased specialization of different parts of brain

Examples of brain lateralization

Language development and handedness

Handedness correlated with

Dominant cerebral hemisphere for language

Most people have blank brain lateralization for language

Left hemisphere

Write hemisphere brain lateralization for language is

Five times more likely in left-handed and ambidextrous people

Right handedness may have genetic/nature basis, but

Affect affected by nurture

Position in uterus and culture

Correlates of left-handedness

Disorders

Over represented among successful/intelligent/creative people

2/3 of recent presidents are lefties

Most grey matter Is in the brain between ages

11 and 12

White matter continues to increase until

Were about 30 years old

In the frontal low, at ages 10 to 11

Blooming/exuberance – Increase in synaptic connections

In the frontal lobe in later adolescence there is

Pruning of unused connections

Myelination

The brain in adolescence and emerging adulthood – corpus Collosum

Axon Fibers thicken

The brain in adolescence and emerging adulthood – prefrontal cortex

Pruning after pre-adolescent blooming

The brain in adolescence and emerging adulthood – cerebellum

Still maturing

The brain in adolescence and emerging adulthood – greater reliance upon

Amygdala (negative strong emotions) Then adults for some tasks

Different things were exposed to can

Damage the brain

Adulthood aging, and the brain – brain loss

5 to 10% of weight between ages 20 to 90

Adulthood, aging, and the brain – dendrites

Decrease

Myelin Sheath damage

Adulthood, aging, and the brain – shrinkage not

Uniform

Most in prefrontal cortex

Adulthood, aging, and the brain – general slowing of

Brain and spinal cord function

Begins in middle age and accelerates with age

Adulthood, aging, and the brain – reductions in

Neurotransmitters

Influences on adult brain functioning

Cognitive reserve

Social interactions

Exercise/physical activity

Cognitive reserve

Educational attainment – important to keep learning new things which builds cognitive reserve

Novelty

More sleep in

Infancy than any other time

Cosleeping pros and cons

Pros – skin skin attachment

Cons – can roll over and kill baby, SIDS is more common with a big cover

In childhood adequate/pattern sleep is a

Necessity

As you get older, the amount of REM sleep

Decreases

SIDS

Infant stop breathing, most die suddenly in night

One of the leading causes of infant death in US

SIDS highest risk

Ages 2 to 4 months

Best prevention of SIDS

Infant sleeps on its back

SIDS correlates/risk factors

Not using pacifier, soft, bedding, fan in room, low birth weight, sleep apnea, lower SES, sleeping on stomach or side, passive exposure to cigarette smoke, sibling died of SIDS, abnormal brain Stem functioning

Optimal amount of sleep in adolescence

Nine hours and 15 minutes

Sleep debt

In adequate sleep patterns – less than eight hours a day

Try to make up on weekends

Sleep debt is linked to

Fatigue, moodiness, depression, more caffeine beverage use, falling asleep in school

Sleep in adolescence – changed biological/circadian clock

Release of melatonin

Policy recommendation – later school start

Recommended sleep for adulthood

Seven hours a day

Many adults are

Sleep deprived

Middle age may bring

Sleep problems – wakeful periods at night, less deep sleep

What increases in late adulthood?

Insomnia

Highest prescription of sleeping meds in

Late adulthood

Many older adults go to bed and wake up

Earlier

Sleep and death/indicator of health – a meta Analysis

16 studies

Around 1.4 million people across study samples

Short/ less than six hours per night and long sleeping/ 9+ hours per night are predictors of death at follow up