Lab Practical One - writing portion

Precentral Gyrus

Contains the primary motor cortex; controls voluntary skeletal muscle movement.

Postcentral Gyrus

Contains the primary somatosensory cortex; processes general sensory information from the body.

Longitudinal Fissure

A deep groove that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

Frontal Lobe

Responsible for voluntary motor control, planning, decision-making, reasoning, judgment, personality, problem solving, working memory, and speech production.

Parietal Lobe

Processes somatic sensory information such as touch, pressure, pain, temperature, proprioception, and spatial awareness.

Temporal Lobe

Responsible for hearing, memory, language comprehension, recognition of objects and faces, and some aspects of smell.

Occipital Lobe

Primarily responsible for vision and visual processing.

Insula

Functions include taste, visceral sensation, awareness of internal body conditions, and some emotional responses.

Mammillary Body

Important for memory processing and recollection.

Basal Nuclei

Groups of gray matter that help initiate voluntary movement, suppress unwanted movements, and produce smooth, coordinated movement.

Cranial Nerve I

Olfactory; sensory; responsible for smell.

Cranial Nerve II

Optic; sensory; responsible for vision.

Cranial Nerve III

Oculomotor; motor; controls most eye movements, raises eyelid, constricts pupil.

Cranial Nerve IV

Trochlear; motor; moves eye using superior oblique.

Cranial Nerve V

Trigeminal; mixed; responsible for facial sensation and chewing.

Cranial Nerve VI

Abducens; motor; moves eye laterally using lateral rectus.

Cranial Nerve VII

Facial; mixed; controls facial expression and taste from anterior tongue.

Cranial Nerve VIII

Vestibulocochlear; sensory; responsible for hearing and equilibrium.

Cranial Nerve IX

Glossopharyngeal; mixed; responsible for taste, swallowing, and sensation from pharynx.

Cranial Nerve X

Vagus; mixed; responsible for parasympathetic control of thoracic and abdominal organs, swallowing, and voice.

Cranial Nerve XI

Accessory; motor; controls head, neck, and shoulder movement.

Cranial Nerve XII

Hypoglossal; motor; responsible for tongue movement.

Function of Cranial Nerve XI

Controls important muscles of the neck and shoulder.

Major muscles controlled by Cranial Nerve XI

Sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius

Movements allowed by Cranial Nerve XI

Turning the head and Shrugging the shoulders

Function of Cranial Nerve XII

Controls tongue movement.

Importance of Cranial Nerve XII

Important for Speech, Manipulating food, Swallowing

Phrenic Nerve

Diaphragm

Function of Phrenic Nerve

Breathing

Axillary Nerve

Deltoid

Function of Axillary Nerve

Arm abduction

Musculocutaneous Nerve

Biceps brachii

Function of Musculocutaneous Nerve

Elbow flexion

Radial Nerve

Triceps brachii

Function of Radial Nerve

Elbow extension

Median Nerve

Flexor carpi radialis

Function of Median Nerve

Wrist flexion

Ulnar Nerve

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Function of Ulnar Nerve

Wrist flexion/adduction

Femoral Nerve

Rectus femoris

Function of Femoral Nerve

Knee extension

Obturator Nerve

Adductor longus

Function of Obturator Nerve

Thigh adduction

Sciatic Nerve

Biceps femoris, hamstrings

Function of Sciatic Nerve

Knee flexion

Pudendal Nerve

External genitalia

Function of Pudendal Nerve

controls movement, sensation, and autonomic responses in the pelvic region

Gluteal Nerve

Gluteus maximus

Function of Gluteal Nerve

Hip extension

Tibial Nerve

Gastrocnemius

Function of Tibial Nerve

Plantar flexion

Common Fibular Nerve

Short head of biceps femoris

Function of Common Fibular Nerve

Knee flexion

Deep Fibular Nerve

Tibialis anterior

Function of Deep Fibular Nerve

Dorsiflexion

Schwann Cell

Forms the myelin sheath around axons in the peripheral nervous system.

Functions of Schwann Cells

Electrically insulates the axon, Increases the speed of action potential conduction, Allows signals to travel efficiently along peripheral nerves.

Sclera

The tough, white outer portion of the eye.

Functions of Sclera

Protects the eyeball, Maintains the shape of the eye, Provides attachment sites for the extrinsic eye muscles.

Cornea

The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous layer.

Functions of Cornea

Allows light to enter the eye, Refracts incoming light, Helps focus light toward the retina.

Choroid

Part of the vascular tunic.

Functions of Choroid

Contains blood vessels that nourish structures of the eye, Contains pigment that absorbs stray light.

Iris

The colored portion of the eye.

Function of Iris

Regulates the amount of light entering the eye by changing the diameter of the pupil.

Ciliary Body

Contains the ciliary muscle.

Functions of Ciliary Body

Changes the shape of the lens for focusing, Helps with accommodation, Produces aqueous humor.

Retina

The neural layer of the eye.

Functions of Retina

Converts light energy into electrical neural signals.

Vestibule

Part of the inner ear containing the utricle and saccule.

Function of Vestibule

Detects static equilibrium and linear acceleration.

Semicircular Canals

Part of the vestibular apparatus.

Function of Semicircular Canals

Detect rotational or angular movements of the head.

Cochlea

The snail-shaped portion of the inner ear responsible for hearing.

Function of Cochlea

Converts vibrations produced by sound into electrical nerve signals.

3 layers of eyeball - in order from outer to inner

fibrous, vascular, and neural