soci 200 exam 3

gender

the ways that social forces create differences between men and women, and how the characteristics of men and women reflect these forces

sex

whether a person is classified as male or female based on anatomical or chromosomal criteria

social construction of gender

system of social processes that create and sustain gender differences and inequalities

binary

a classification system consisting of 2 genders, male and female

non-binary

individuals whose gender identity is neither male nor female

transgender

individuals who were assigned a sex category at birth based on anatomical criteria, but who come to identify with a different gender category, and take action to be in that other cateogry

cisgender

individual whose gender identity aligns with the sex category they were assigned at birth

gender fluid

individual whose gender identity is not fixed

gender nonconforming

individual’s whose appearance, behavior, or gender expression does not align with traditional masculine or feminine norms, regardless of their gender identity

gender socialization

happens from the moment you are born, by your parents, peers, the media, etc

gender roles

attitudes and activities that a society links to each gender

gender stratification

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women

patriarchy

the form of social organization in which males dominate females

matriarchy

the form of social organization in which females dominate males

sexism

the belief that one sex is innately superior to the other

hostile sexism

founded on the beliefs that women’s incompetence and inferiority make them incapable of holding positions of authority

benevolent sexism

interrelated attitudes toward women that are sexist in terms of viewing women stereotypically and in restricted roles but that are subjectively positive in feeling, tone, and also tend to elicit behaviors typically categorized as prosocial (e.g., helping) or intimacy-seeking (e.g., self disclosure)

gender microaggressions

small acts or comments that the person on the receiving end feels bad about (can be unintentional), can be based on race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, religion, etc.

the gender revolution

changes in women’s lives the last 50 years; women taking on activities and roles previously limited to men; rising women’s employment and education

institutional sexism

sexism built into the institutions of society

occupational sex segregations

when women and men are distributed differently across occupations, such that some jobs are filed mostly by men and others mostly by women

glass ceiling

the unofficial barrier women and minorities face when trying to advance to the upper levels of an organization

maternal wall

women who become mothers experience a drop in wages in comparison to men

sexual harassment

unwanted comments, gestures, or physical contact of a sexual nature

sexuality

emotional and physical attraction to a particular sex

sexual orientation

refers to whether individuals are attracted to different sex partners, partners of the same sex, or both

heterosexual

attracted to the same sex

homosexual

attracted to members of one’s own sex

bisexual

attracted to both sexes

pansexual or omnisexual

attracted to individuals regardless of their gender identity, sex, or gender presentation

asexual

not attracted to either sex

double standard of sexuality

judging women more harshly for men for having sex outside of marriage or an established intimate relationship

split attraction model

idea that there are various types of attraction (romantic, sexual, platonic)

compulsory sexuality

the assumption that all people are (and should be) sexual

sexual minority

anyone who is not heterosexual, anyone who is not cisgender

heteronormativity

a type of prejudice that claims that being heterosexual is the only normal option for an individual’s sexual orientation

heterosexism

discrimination or bias against persons because they are not heterosexual

homophobia

discrimination or bias among homosexual persons that is based in fear

family

the social institution that unites individuals into cooperative groups that care for one another, including any children

kinship system

the social links and boundaries, defined by biology and social custom, that establish who is related to whom

nuclear family

one or two parents and their children

extended family

parents and children and also grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins who often live close to one another and operate as a family unit

blended families

families in which children live with some combination of biological parents and stepparents

fictive kin

refers to the social bond between people, without legal or blood ties, who voluntarily define themselves s family because of the social roles they play, shared rituals, and emotional bonds

traditional

clear division of husband and wife roles, male has power and authority

egalitarian

husband and wife equal and share power and authority

monogamy

marriage that unites two partners

polygamy

marriage that unites 3 or more people

polygyny

unites one man and two or more women

polyandry

unites one woman and two or more men

marriage

a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation as well as sexual activity & childbearing, that people expect to last

endogamy

marriage between people of the same social category

gray divorce

405 of divorces are aged 50+

religion

a social institution involving beliefs and practices based on a conception of the sacred

faith

belief based on conviction rather than scientific evidence

atheist

anyone who actively rejects the possibility of a god or any other supernatural being

agnostic

a person who believes that the existence of god or other supernatural beings is unknowable and therefore claims to neither believe or not believe in any faith

sacred

set apart as extraordinary, inspiring awe and reverence

profane

an ordinary element of life

rituals

rules that govern how people must behave in the presence of the sacred to achieve an acceptable state of being

monotheism

belief in a single divine power

polytheism

belief in many gods

deism

belief in the existence of a supernatural or supreme being, but rejection of the view that this supreme being actively intervenes in human affairs

animism

the belief that a supernatural power organizes all sentient beings, plants and natural phenomena, and that of these objects, has a soul or spiritual essence

syncretic

combining religious ideas and practices drawn from more than one distinct tradition

3 common features to all religions

1. beliefs about the sacred and profane

2. rituals

3. a community of worshippers

sacred society

society in which religion permeates life

secular society

society in which religion exists but is separate from other aspects of life

secularization

a process of declining influence or marginalization of religion in society

secularization hypothesis

a theory that as societies modernize and citizens become better educated, religion will inevitably decline

state church

church formally allied with the state

pluralism

the coexistence of individuals and religious groups with significantly different beliefs and cultures in the same society

denomination

an organized branch of a larger religious traditions

sect

type of religious organization that stands apart from larger society

cult

religious organization that is largely outside a society’s cultural traditions

religiosity

how important religion is in a person’s life

structural functionalism

durkheim; 3 major functions of religion (social cohesion, social control, providing meaning and purpose)

religion and social change (weber)

the protestant ethic & the spirit of capitalism; calvinism; doctrine of predestination

social conflict

marx; “opiate of the masses,” religion supports social inequality

liberation theory

the combining of christian principles with political activism; marxist in character

cohabitation

the act of living together as an unmarried couple

hookujps

sexual activity in casual liaisons

rape

unwanted sexual intercourse or penetration of a body opening, leaving out unwanted touching/other unwanted sexual encouters

sexual assault

any sexual activity when consent is not obtained or given freely

street harassment

catcalling or other forms of unwanted verbal sexual advances or unwanted comments on one’s apperance

#metoo movement

a global campaign against sexual assault and harassment that encourages victims to name the perpetrators and challenge organizations to put a stop to abuses in the workplaces, schools, and other settings

homemaker-breadwinner family

husband concentrates on earning an income, wife focuses on childrearing and housekeeping

patrilocal

requires a wife to live with her husband’s parents and obey their authority

family values

the orientations people have toward family responsibilities

conjugal family

consists of a relatively autonomous married couple who were expected to seek their fortune outside of the parental household

deinstitutionalization of marriage

spending all/most of one’s adult life in a single marriage no longer the most common pathway

serial relationships

entering and exiting a series of intimate partnerships over a period of time

second shift

employed mothers are more likely than fathers to add the significant majority of domestic duties to their already crowded work schedules

civil religion

the worship of the community and society, from which all good things eventually flow and on which we are completely dependent

irreligion

avowed absence of religion

syncretic approach to religion

combines elements of different religions

pantheon

system and relationship between gods

paganism

relationship between monotheism and polytheism

theology

discussions of the interpretation of religious matters