Science and Energy Security Quiz #1

Energy

the measurement of the ability to do work

Work

what it takes to make matter move or change

Force

push or pull on an object

What are Newtons

kg*m/s²

Power

a rate typically measured in watts

What is 1 joule?

the energy transferred when a force of 1 Newton is applied to an object and moves it a distance of 1 meter, 1 newton-meter

What is 1 watt

joule/second

What is the equation for work?

Work = f * d * cos(theta)

What is the equation for power?

Power = work/time

What is kinetic energy?

movement of an object

What is potential energy?

potential for movement of an object

What the the formula for kinetic energy?

KE = 0.5 mv²

What is the formula for potential energy?

PE = mgh

What are the 6 main forms of energy?

Radiant, thermal, electrical, nuclear, mechanical, chemical

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; energy can only be transferred or change forms

What is 1 calorie?

1 calorie is the amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree celsius

What is a British Thermal Unit?

The amount of energy required to raise 1 pound of water 1 degree farenheit

What is 1 therm?

100,000 btu

What is an atomic number?

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

What are Isotopes?

Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers from variation in the number of neutrons

What are photosynthetic organisms?

algea, plants, and cyanobacteria

What is photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis is when plants store the energy from solar radiation to enegery in the carbon-carbon bonds of carbohydrate molecules

What is the chemical equation of photosynthesis?

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Where does photosynthesis occur?

in the mesophyll

What happens in the stoma?

CO₂ and H₂O go in and out

What is in the mesophyll?

the chloroplast which is where photosynthesis takes place

Where is the chloroplast?

inside the thykaloids which are in the chlorophyll which also absorb light

What is the formula for radiant energy?

E = hv where v is Frequency and h is plank’s constant

What is frequency?

v = c/lambda where c is the speed of light and lambda is wavelength (nm)

What is the process of coalification?

Before the dinosaurs many giant plants died in swamps, over millions of years the plants got burried under water and dirt, finally heat and pressure turn the dead plants into coal

What is coal?

readily combustible sedimentary rock containing more than 50% by weight carbon

What are the four main types of coal?

lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, anthrocite

What is the chemcial process coal undergoes?

Coal + O₂ + H₂O → Ash + Gas + Heat

What is ash?

heavy mineral stuffWh

What gases are released through the combustion of coal?

SO_x, NO_x, Hg

What is crude oil?

a micture of hydrocarbons with different chain lengths

What is the formula for methane?

CH₄

What is the chemical formula for ethane?

C₂H₆

What is the chemical formula for propane?

C₃H₈

What is the chemical formula for butane?

C₄H₁₀

What happens as the number of carbons increase?

molecular weight increased and boiling point increases

Prefix for 1 carbon?

meth

Prefix for 2 carbons?

eth

Prefix for 3 carbons?

prop

Prefix for 4 carbons?

but

Prfix for 5 carbons?

pent

Prefix for 6 carbons?

hex

Prefix for 7 carbons?

hept

Prefix for 8 carbons?

octP

refix for 9 carbons?

non

Prefix for 10 carbons?

dec

What are properties of shorter hydrocarbons?

easier to ignite and better fuels

What is the flash point?

minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapor to form a combustible mixture with air

What are the properties of being flammable?

low flash point, burn at normal working temperature

What are the properties of being combustible?

high flash point, burn at above working temperaturesW

What are the properties of double vs single bonds?

double bonds are weaker than single bonds and double bonds are more reactive

What is cracking?

The use of heat, pressure, and sometimes catalysts to break large heavy hydrocarbons into smaller light of middle distilate range molecules

What is thermal cracking?

high pressure high heatWh

What is catalytic cracking?

low pressure, low heatW

Petroleum gases

mathane (1), ethance (2), propane (3), butane (4)

light ends

naptha (5-11), gasoline (7-10)

Middle distilates

kerosene (11-18), distilate fuel oil (11-18)A

What are assays?

determine the characteristics of an individual grade of crude oil

What is the API gravity of extra light crude?

> 50

What is the api gravity of light crude oil?

40 - 50

What is the api gravity of medium crude oil?

30 - 39

What is the API gravity of medium-heavy crude oil?

25 - 29

What is the api gravity of heavy crude oil?

< 25Wh

What is the api gravity of extra heavy crude oil?

< 10

What is the sulfur content by weight for sour crude oil?

>1.5%

What is the sulfur content by weight of medium crude oil?

0.5-1.5Wha

What is the sulfur content by weight of sweet crude oil?

<0.5%W

What is igneous rock?

form when hot molten rock solidifiesWh

What is sedimentary rock?

formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once living organisms

What is metamorphic rock?

start as another type of rock and transform

What is a key characteristic of sedimentary rock?

more porous and permeable than igneous or metamorphic

What is oil?

An organic substance that is a mix of predominantly hydrocarbon molecules derived from marine plant matter

What is source rock?

Rocks that contain sufficient organic material to create hydrocarbons when subjected to heat and pressure over timeWh

What is petroleum?

a mixture of oil and gasw

What is the process of oil being “created”?

Organic material falls. and collects in a hostile dead zone at the bottom of a lake, sea, or delta. Kerogen laden source rock forms from organic material at shallow depth the moved to the deeper oil window.

What is the IUPAC name for paraffin?

alkane

Is paraffin saturated or unsaturated?

SaturatedDo

Does paraffin have double or single carbon-carbon bonds?

All single bonds

What is the formation of paraffin?

straight chain and branched chain

What is the IUPAC name for olefin?

polyene

Is olefin saturated or unsaturated?

unsaturated

What are the carbon bonds in olefin?

there are more than one pair of double carbon-carbon bonds

What is the formation of olefin?

straight chain and branched chain

What is the IUPAC name of mono-olefin?

alkene

Is mono-olefin saturated or unsaturated?

unsaturated

What are the carbon bonds in mono-olefin?

one double carbon-carbon bondW

What is the formation of mono-olefin?

straight chain and branched chain

What is the IUPAC name of diolefin?

dieneis

Is diolefin saturated or unsaturated?

Unsaturated

What are the carbon bonds in diolefin?

two double carbon-carbon bonds

What is the formation of diolefin?

Straight chain and branched chain

Is Napthenes saturated or nonsaturated?

Saturated

What are the carbon bonds in napthenes?

all singleWha

What is the formation of napthenes?

ring, branched ring, and fused ring

Is aromatics saturated or unsaturated?

unsaturated