Common Functional Groups

Alkane. Saturated hydrocarbon, single bond, van der Waals forces.

Alkene. Unsaturated hydrocarbon, double bond, van der Waals forces.

Alkyne. Unsaturated hydrocarbon, triple bond, van der Waals forces.

Arene/Aromatic ring, van der Waals forces

Alkyl halide, X= F, Cl, Br, I. Essentially, a H atom is replaced by one of these.

Alcohol. OH with sp³ hybridized C, Hydrogen bonds

Phenol. OH is bonded to a C in a ring, meaning it has sp² hybridization. Hydrogen bonds.

Thiol. Alcohol but with SH not OH.

Ether. The C atoms have sp³ hybridization, and there is a local bend and dipole moment pointing toward O. Dipole-dipole attraction IMF.

Amine. Derived from Alkyl groups, where a H atom is replaced with a N that has a lone pair.

Nitrile. Triple bond between N and C, dipole-dipole.

Ketone

Aldehyde

Carboxylic acid

Ester

Amide