Factors that limit discretion

What are legal factors that limit discretion?

Criminal law and criminal procedure, including constitutional protections.

What are administrative factors that limit discretion?

Department rules, written policies, and supervision

How can organizational culture limit discretion?

Peer norms and the police subculture shape what officers see as acceptable or reportable

What situational factors can limit discretion?

Crime seriousness, strength of evidence, victim preference, and the relationship and demeanor of those involved

What social and political factors can limit discretion?

Local politics, public expectations, and community norms influence enforcement priorities.

What is reasonable suspicion?

Specific, articulable facts that support a brief investigative stop.

What is probable cause?

Facts that support a reasonable belief that an offense occurred and can justify an arrest.

What additional suspicion is required for a frisk?

Separate reasonable suspicion that the person is armed and dangerous