PSY 101 Exam 3 MSU

Memory occurs through three processes

Encoding-Get info to the brain

Storage-Retain info

Retrieval- Get it back to consciousness

Automatic Processing

Encoding info such as sequence of days events

Effortful Processing

Consciously attend to and process it to form durable and accessible memories

Encoding

Effortful and Automatic process

Multi-taskers are often very confident in multi-tasking but...

Multi-tasking has negative consequences for learning and memory

Rehearsal

Form of effortful processing that involves conscious repetition of material

-Ebbinghaus

-More times rehearsed, less repetitions required to relearn it

Spacing effect

Distribute rehearsal over time, opposite of cramming for an exam

Emplicit memories are created by

Automatic Processing

Encoding info in terms of meaning(deep processing) leads to better memory than in terms of

Superficial(Shallow processing

Mini Quiz: Ebbinghaus observed it is easier to learn meaningful material instead of nonsense material

Deep Processing

Atkinson-Shiffin Theory

Memory storage involves three separate systems:

-Sensory memory

-Short term

-Long term

Iconic Memory

Sensory memory for visual information (1/4) second

Short Term

Limited capacity memory system, info retained for about 30 seconds

Working Memory

Combination of components that include short-term memory and attention that allows info to be retained.

Mini Quiz: How we remember telephone numbers and how they are written is called______

Chunking

Mini Quiz: Jamaal has to make a phone call on a land line...takes number from cell phone and has to remember it.

Working Memory

Mini Quiz: long term memory is limitless and perfect

False

Memory Storage

Retaining info

Long Term Potentiation

The prolonged strengthening of potential neuronal firing which provides a basis for learning and remembering

Stress and hormones

When we are excited or stressed, emotion triggered stress hormones makes more glucose energy available to the brain

Memory Processing(Automatic)

Implicit memories without conscious recall-processed by cerebellum and basal ganglia

-Space-time-frequency

-Motor and cognitive skills

-classical conditioning

Effortful Processing

Explicit memories with conscious recall-processed in hippocampus and frontal lobes

-Facts and general knowledge(Semantic)

-Personally experienced events(Episodic)

Procedural Processing

Storing implicit and explicit memories

H.M gets hippocampus removed-

Discovered memories are consolidated

Mini Quiz: Lara us trying to remember events before third birthday. She can't likely due to the fact that her______ is not fully developed

Hippocampus

Mini Quiz: Coined by Gary Lynch, this prolonged strengthening of neural firing is_______

Long term potentiationq

When you encode into memory a target piece of info, you associate it with other bits of info: Surroundings, mood, location, etc...

Bits called retrieval cues

Putting yourself back in the contect where you experienced something can prime

Memory retrieval

Mini Quiz: Ralph came home quite drunk after the party on saturday. He came home, threw his keys down and went right to bed, Ralph needs______ to find his keys

Retrace his steps drunk to find keys

Mini quiz: We use retrieval cues to access target info, best retrieval cues are

Ebbinghaus learned lists of nonsense syllables then attempted to recall them thirty days later

Forgetting curve: initially rapid, levels off with time

Proactive interference

Occurs when new info makes it harder to recall something learned earlier

-Learn friends email address, familiar address interferes

Retroactive interference

-Sleep helps protect against this

-Forgetting can happen at any memory stage

Mini Quiz: Events forgotten are like books that cannot be found in the library

Book was never purchased

Mini Quiz: During an evening spanish language exam, Janice easily remembers the french vocab. However she finds it hard to recall the spanish she studied

Proactive interference

Mini Quiz: Which of the following best describes the typical retention curve

Rapid initial decline in retention then becoming stable

Mini Quiz: After being verbally threatened by a person in a passing car, Teresa was asked if she recognized the man driving. Several hours later she mistakenly the person for a man

Misinformation effect

Rationale

Psychologist Gary Wells discovered that when using sequential lineups, people make absolute judgements

Sequential lineups cut eye witness Misidentification

In half

Repressed Memories

People convicted of rape from this

Memories of Disney land

Some people took cues from other memories, said they saw bugs bunny, but bugs bunny is a warner brother character(Implanted memories)

Mini Quiz: How can we increase the chances that the right person will be convicted?

Use sequential lineup

Extremes of intelligence

Low Extreme

intellectual disability-Condition of limited mental mobility, indicated by an intelligence score 70 or lower

High Extreme

Identified by youth with IQ over 135. Found that most go into high level professions

Lubinski and colleagues found that individual differences in IQ matter even at the high end

people in 99.9% percentile were 5X more likely to own a pet.

If intelligence is influenced by genetic factors

Most genetically similar people should have most similar intelligence scores

Identical twins have higher correlation of intelligence than

Others when reared together

Intelligence test scores rose in the ______century

20th

Study of Romanian orphans raised with minimal human interaction suffered_____

Delayed development

Mini Quiz: as children age they are more likely to have intelligence of______

Biological Parents

Mini Quiz: Sisters identical twins son will have ____

Same gray matter

Gender differences

-Women better spellers than men

-Better in remembering location of objects

-Men better in spatial visualization

Average difference in groups intelligence may be due to

Their environment

Stereotype threat

Being at risk of personally confirming a negative stereotype about ones group.

Stigmatized groups can fear being seen.

Stereotype threat can create_____leading to decreased apprehension

Apprehension

Mini Quiz: Stereotype threat is most likely to depress female on_____test and male on______ test

Mini Quiz: When white and black participants played a game of golf, white participants out performed black vs. black outperformed white

-Test of sports intelligence Vs. natural athleticism

Emotions are a mix of

Psychological arousal, expressive behaviors, consciously experienced thoughts

Controversies

Does physiological arousal precede or follow emotional experience? Does cognition precede emotion

James Lang Theory

Theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness/ noticing/ realizing of our physiological response to emotion- arousing stimuli

Cannon-Bard Theory

Theory that emotion arousing stimuli simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotions

Two Factor Theory

Theory to experience emotions on must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal

Mini Quiz: As she was riding her bicycle down a hill she hit a rock and lost balance. She came to a stop and realized her heart was racing. What theory is this?

James Lang Theory

Mini Quiz: Alone in the woods you hear a noise. You think you see a bear coming toward you and your heart starts pounding, at the same time...

Cannon-Bard theory

Schachter Singer two factor theory of emotion, whats the correct sequence

D

Dutton and Arons experiment

Had people walk over a high wood bridge to become excited and aroused. Fear participants were interviewed by woman after. Men responded to interview and woman giving number as sexual confrontation

Sexual content higher in females on calls

Women were more likely to call in the experiment

Cognition

Thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating

Algorithms

Step by step procedure, guarantees an answer

Heuristics

Simple thinking strategy. Speedier but more error prone

Algorithms and heuristics

They contrast each other

Mini Quiz: ____=heuristic; _____=algorithm

Fast; slow

Confirmation Bias

Tendency to seek out info that should confirm theory.

-Do not seek info that could folsify

-Come in with low expectation, find wrong, come in with high expectation, find right

According to popper

Falsification is the line of demarcation between science and non-science people trying to prove right and not wrong

Mini Quiz: To solve a problem we resort to trial and erroc. Want a guaranteed solution we follow_____

Algorithm

Mini Quiz: Use heuristic if you do not want to make errors, and have plenty of time

False

Functional Fixedness

Tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

Mini Quiz: One major obstacle to problem solving is______ which is the inability to see a problem from fresh perspective

Fixation

Mini Quiz: Todd thinks Matt Stafford is the best quarterback but fails to say how her struggled in the first quarter of the game.

confirmation bias

Representative Heuristic

Judging likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent prototypes.

-categorizing different info

Availability Heuristic

Tendency to rely predominantly on evidence that easily comes to mind rather than use all possible evidence in evaluation some conclusion

Mini Quiz: Becausr he mistakenly believes older workers are not as motivated as younger, manager was vigilant for signs of laziness amoung senior employees.

Confirmation Bias

Mini Quiz: Sarah loves new age music and reads her horoscope every day. Based on representativeness heuristic people are likely to predict sarah is a

A Holistic healer

Mini Quiz: Easier for a person to remember a time a friend betrayed them. Expects it to occur more

Availability heuristic

Intuitive Heuristic

Eagerness to confirm beliefs we already hold

Overconfident

Tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgements

Belief Perseverance

Tendency to cling to a belief even after basis on which they formed was discredited

Framing

Way an issue is posed. How an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

Bottom line

Message matters in shaping peoples decisions and judgements

Anchoring

Final judgements and behaviors are assimilated or become more similar to an initial anchor value

Lower anchor values produce

Higher anchor values produce

Lower values

Higher values

Mini Quiz: Judy's professor failed to recognize she raised her hand. She thought the professor was being rude and later finds out he doesnt have good vision. Reaction illustrates____

Belief perseverance

Mini Quiz: Whether a message stresses potential gains or losses is_______

Framing

Mini Quiz: People are asked to indicate how old a woman is

False

Phonemes

Smallest distinctive sound unit in language

morphemes

Smallest unit that carries meaning in language

Grammar

System of rules in language

We learn words before math

60,000 words by end of high school

Around 4 months old

Babbling occurs. Baby trying to say household words

One word stage

Stage of speech development during which a child speaks in single words