Anatomy- Skeletal System

Four major types of bone fractures

• Simple Fractures (clean breaks, don’t break through skin)

• Compound Fractures (Broken bone end penetrates through the skin)

• Complete Fracture (Bone splits completely into 2 or more distinct pieces)

• Partial Fracture: Such as the greenstick fracture, not breaking all the way through.

Functions of skeletal system

• Support

• Protection

• Movement (ALLOWS movement does not produce it.)

• Storage

• Blood cell formation

Shape and structures of four major types of bones

• Long Bone (Longer than they are wide, mostly compact bone ex. femur)

• Short Bone (Generally are cube-shaped, containing mostly spongey bone ex. ankle)

• Flat Bone (Thin, flattened, usually curved, two layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongey bone ex. ribs)

• Irregular bones (bones don’t fit into any category ex. vertebrae)

Red marrow vs. yellow marrow

• Red marrow: Forms blood cells and is confined to cavities of spongey bone of flat bones + epiphysis of long bones.

• Yellow marrow: Storage for adipose tissue, it’s the cavity of the shaft.

Components of axial skeleton

Components of appendicular skeleton

Components of the cranium bones

• Frontal (Forms forehead and superior eye orbit)

• Parietal (Superior and lateral walls of cranium)

• Temporal (Inferior to parietal bones, joined at squamous structures)

• Occipital (Most posterior bone of cranium, back of skull)

• Sphenoid (Butterfly-shaped, forms the floor of cranal cavity)

• Ethmoid (Anterior to sphenoid, forms roof of nasal cavity)

Components of facial bones

• Maxillae (Two maxillae fuse to form upper jaw)

• Zygomantic (Cheekbones)

• Mandible (lower jaw)

• Hyoid bone (ONLY BONE IN THE BODY THAT DOES NOT ARTICULATE WITH ANY OTHER BONE. Moveable base for tongue and attachment point for neck muscles)

• Fontanels (connect to cranial bones cannot feel it)

Define foramen

A foramen is an opening, hole, or passage in a bone to let nerves and arteries pass through.

Three classifications of ribs

• True ribs (First 7 pairs which attach directly to sternum by costal cartilage)

• False ribs (The next 5 pairs attach indirectly to the sternum by a shared cartilage)

• Floating ribs (Do not attach to the sternum at all. They are the lowest 2 pairs of false ribs)

Bones of the hands and feet

• Each hand contains 14 phalanges, 3 in each finger (except the thumb has 2)

• Eight carpal bones in the wrist bound by ligaments

• Lateral malleolus forms the outer part of the ankle

• Calcaneus is the heel bone

• Talus connects the lower leg to the foot

• Metatarsals

Characteristics of diseases in skeletal system

• Osteoporosis: A bone-thinning disease, making bones so fragile even a sneeze can cause bone fractures.

• Rickets: A disease of children in which the bones fail to calcify, usually due to a lack of calcium or vitamin D.

• Arthritis: Autoiummmune disesae causing stiffness or pain in the joints.

Labelling (no word bank)

• Occipital

• Clavicle

• Parietal

• Scapula

• Pelvis

• Vertebrae

• Humerus

• Radius

• Ulna

• Femur

• Fibula

• Tibia

• Patella

• Calcaneus

• Metatarsals

• Tarsals

• Frontal

• Maxilla

• Mandible

• Sternum

• Ribs

• Carpals

• Metacarpals

• Phalanges

• Sacrum