AP Human Geo Migration

push factors

conditions that cause an individual to leave/exit/emigrate out of a specific country or region. PUSH and individual away from their origin.

pull factors

conditions that attract someone to choose/come to/ immigrate to a specific country or region. Pull people into their destination.

economic pull+push factors

the number one cause of voluntary migration

push - lack of economic opportunity

pull - abundance of economic opportunity

Social push +pull factors

push - ethnic tensions, persecution, violence discrimination

pull - search for safety and community

Political push + pull factors

push - lack of representation by the government, political policies that allow or encourage persecution of groups.

pull - asylum, preferred government policies or structures, better representation.

Environmental Push + Pull factors

push - droughts, famine, natural disasters, competition for resources, overpopulation

Pull - moderate climates, safe from natural disasters abundance of vital resources.

Demographic Push + Pull factors

push - competition for employment, overpopulation, gender imbalance, lack of communities with similar age groups

pul - less competition for employment, balance gender and age groups,

Intervening obstacles

obstacles that prevent migrants from reaching their preferred destinations

• migrants run out of money

• they cannot pass through a continent

• unable to cross an ocean, desert, mountain range, etc.

Intervening Opportunities

opportunities that result in an immigration choosing a NEW destination along the original route.

• migrant finds a desirable economic opportunity along the way.

• migrant gets married to someone who lives along migration route and settles with their partner

• migrants find political'/social climate that he/she enjoys and wants to live within.

Zelinksy’s model of migration

observed patterns in migration based on stages of development

a. Emigrants are most likely to leave stage 2 + 3 countries due to

overcrowding, lack of economic and educational opportunities, competition for resources

b. Immigrants are likely to MOVE to stage 4+5 countries due to

less crowding, greater economic and educational opportunities. abundance of resources

Lee’s model of migration

visual representation of the impact of push, pull factors and intervening obstacles/opportunities.

Gravity Model of Migration

immigrants are more likely to choose their destination country due to proximity and the size of urban areas.

proximity makes migration more afforable

large urban areas means economic opportunities

e.g. immigrant going to US from Mexico more likely to go to Dallas, Texas, opposed to Alpharetta, Georgia.

Ravenstein’s law of migration (SUMRCYG)

8 patterns regarding migration:

1. short distances - migrants are more likely to complete migration over short distance rather than long distance

2. usually urban - migrants tend to move to urban centers in search of opportunities (likely economic)

3. Multiple Steps - migrants are more likely to complete migration in series of small steps (step migration)

4. Rural - to Urban - urban areas develop, residents will move from rural areas to cities.

5. Counter Migration - every flow of migration in one direction, usually an observable flow of counter or return migration

6. Youth - young population, migrate internationally rather than elder population.

7. Gender - men are likely to migrate internationally

8. women migrate intranationally (within a nation), now there are more female international migrants then men.

Forced migration examples

atlantic slave trade - forced to relocate in order to provide labor in American colonies

indian ocean slave trade - enslaved Africans forced to relocate to probide labor in the middle east, Indian ocean islands, and the Indian subcontinent.

slavery today.

forced migration meaning

movement of people unwillingly due to serious human rights violations and political persecution

internally displaced

refugees

asylum seekers.

Internally displaced

forced relocation within the origin country

often due to political persecution or danger.

asylum seekers

forced migrants seeking refugee status/protection within their destination country.

Refugees

forced relocation outside of origin country

often due to political persecution or danger

people who fled from their country.

voluntary migration

transnational

transhumance

internal

chain

step

guest worker

rural-to-urban

urban-to-suburban

Transnational

migration from one country to another with a shared border

e.g. Mexico and US

Transhumance

seasonal migration of livestock from one graxing to another to make the livestock more comfortable

internal

migration within one’s country

e,g. Pennsylvania to Georgia.

Chain

when an individual relocates with family and friends following, leading to the creation of ethnic enclaves

Step

migration in small steps (from point A to point B) to prevent intervening obstacles.

Guest Worker

many migrants temporarily relocate to areas for work and send remittances back to their family

remittances

when migrants send part of their salary back to their families in their origin country.

Rural - to - Urban

movement of people from countryside to cities, due to growth of cities meaning economic opportunities

urban-to-suburban

people moving from cities to communities/people moving for more space

Impact of migration

political, economic and cultural effect on origin countries and destination countries

political effect of origin country

change in policies/political parties/policies due to migration

economic effect on origin country

relief from overcrowding and less competition of resources

fewer workers/consumers weaken an economy

guest workers sending remittances strengthens the economy

fewer entrepreneurs

brain drain

working-age people emigrate (dependence ratio is higher )

cultural effects on origin

traditional family structures are disrupted

diffuse their cultural traits through relocation

Political effects on destination country

• xenophobia (dislike of foreign people) may result in ethnic tensions, can have discrimination or persecution

• new immigrants will impact voting practices and political policies.

• immigration can causes border security concerns

• political policies may need to change in order to meet the needs of new residents

Economic impacts on destination country

new residents contribute to work force

increased population means competition for jobs and resources

arrival of talented educated individuals strengthens economic and technological development.

Cultural on destination

diffusion of cultural traits lead to diversity

conflict can occur due to different beliefs, languages or religions.