Lab Practical: Lab 7

what is the difference between an epiphyseal plate and an epiphyseal line?

The epiphyseal plate is a layer of hyaline cartilage where bone growth occurs in length during childhood and adolescence, while the epiphyseal line is the remnant of the plate in adults, indicating that growth has ceased.

Osteoblast function

Creates new bone

Osteocyte function

Standard mature bone cell

Chondrocyte

Standard mature cartilage cell

What is the periosteum?

The periosteum is a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at surfaces of the joints. It serves as a site for muscle attachment and contains nerves and blood vessels for bone nourishment.

Where is Hyaline/articular cartilage found?

At the ends of long bones, in synovial joints, in synchondrosis joints

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and in other symphysis joints

Where is elastic cartilage found?

External ear and epiglottis

Hyaline Cartilage

fibrocartilage

elastic cartilage

Fibrous joints definition and subclasses

No joint cavity; bones connected with dense regular CT

• suture

• gomphosis

• syndesmosis

Suture joints example & functional class

Joints connecting skull bones: synarthrosis

Gomphosis joints example & functional class

Joints between teeth and their sockets: synarthrosis

Syndesmosis joints example and functional class

Joints connected by ligaments, such as those between the radius and ulna: amphiarthrosis

Cartilaginous joints definition and subclasses

No joint cavity; bones are connected by cartilage

• synchondrosis

• symphysis

Synchondrosis Joints cartilage type, example, and functional class

• Bones joined by hyaline cartilage

• Ex: epiphyseal plate in a child’s long bone: synarthrosis

Symphysis Joints cartilage type, example, and functional class

• Bones joined by fibrocartilage

• Ex: pubic symphysis: ampiarthrotic

• Ex. Intervertebral discs: amphiarthrotic

Synovial jointes definition and subclasses

Joint cavity with a synovial membrane producing synovial fluid

• Planar

• Hinge

• Pivot

• Condylar

• Saddle

• Ball-and-socket

Planar joints example and functional class

• Ex: Inter carpal joints: diarthrotic

Hinge joints example and functional class

• Ex: Temporomandibular joint: diarthrotic

Pivot joints example and functional class

• Ex: Atlantoaxial Joint: diarthrotic

Condylar joints example and functional class

• Ex. Atlantooccipital joint: diarthrotic

Saddle joints example and functional class

• Ex. Carpometacarpal joints: diarthrotic

Ball-and-socket joints example and functional class

• Ex: hip joint: diarthrotic

What are the two layers of the articular capsule in a synovial joint?

• The outer fibrous layer and the inner synovial membrane. The fibrous layer provides stability, while the synovial membrane produces synovial fluid for lubrication.

What are the 8 cranial bones?

• occipital

• parietal

• frontal

• temporal

• ethmoid

• sphenoid

Which cranial bones are paired?

• parietal

• temporal

What are the 14 facial bones?

• Nasal

• vomer

• lacrimal

• zygomatic

• palatine

• maxilla

• mandible

Which facial bones are paired?

• Nasal

• lacrimal

• zygomatic

• palatine

• maxilla

what are the 4 suture joints to know?

• Coronal suture

• sagittal suture

• lambdoid suture

• squamous suture

What differentiates the C1 and C2 vertebra?

• C1: No body, no spinous process, looks much cuter than C2

• C2: Bifid spinous process, has dens

what is the other bone to know that is not a part of the skull?

The hyoid bone, supports the tongue

Origin and insertion of sternocleidomastoid muscle

• Origin: manubrium of sternum

• Insertion: mastoid process on temporal bone

Differentiate between compact and spongy bone.

• Compact bone: dense, forms the outer layer of bones, providing strength and support

• Spongy bone: lighter and made of trabeculae, found mostly at the ends of long bones and in the interiors of others.

Long Bones

Longer than they are wide

Short bones

Same length and width (nearly)

Flat bones

Flat and thin, possibly having curved surfaces

irregular bones

weird shapes

Actions at atlantooccipital joint

flexion and extension of head (nodding)

Actions at atlantoaxial joint

rotation of the head (shaking head no)

Actions at temporomandibular joint

Depression and elevation of mandible (mastication)

What special features are on the ethmoid bone?

• Crista Galli

• Cribriform plate

What special features are on the sphenoid bone?

• Sella Turcica

• Optic Canal

What muscles contribute to mastication?

• masseter

• temporalis

What muscles contribute to facial expression?

• Frontalis

• Orbicularis oris

• Orbicularis occuli

• Zygomaticus major

What muscles contribute to cervical movement?

• Scalenes

• Sternocleidomastoid

• Erector Spinae

What are the three parts of erector spinae

• Iliocostalis

• Longissimus

• spinalis