MICRO EXAM 2 (chapter 5)

metabolism

the sum of all chemical reaction in a living system

catabolism

the breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler ones

catabolism generates

energy

anabolism

the use of simple organic molecules ion the biosynthesis f complex ones

anabolsim consumes

energy

metabolism requires the transport of simple and complex ________ into and out of the cell

molecules

requires movement of material across the

cell membrane

the key membrane features

amphipathic

selective permeability

metabolic transport: what can easily pass/what cannot?

small/non polar can eailsy pass

large/charged cannot easily passer

requires _____ proteins

transport

passive transport requires a concentration gradient from

high to low

simple diffusion is movement of compounds from

high to low until equal

diffusion in biological systems usually cannot with

large or charged molecules

osmosis requires a concentration gradient from

high to low

osmosis continues until outside water =

inside water

faciliated diffusion uses membrane _____ to transport molecules and compounds

proteins

facilitated diffusion requires

transporters/permease

facilitated diffusion does not require

ATP or energy sources

facilitated diffusion is a form of what kind of transport

passive transport

nonspecific transporters are most commonly found in

prokaryotes

specific transporters are more common in

prokaryotes

specific transporters allow for the transport of specific

molecules or classes of molecules

example of a non specific transporter

porin protein

example of a specific transporter

glucose transporter

amino acid transporter

active transport does not require a

concentration gradient

active transport moves from

low to high

an enzymes shape determines

substrate specificity/activitey

cofactor

inorganic compound/molecule that aids in enzyme function

co factor can stabilize

charges

co factor an align

substrates

coenzyme is an ______ molecule that

organic

aids in enzyme function

coenzymes often act by donating or accepting

electrons

denaturation

unfolding or misfolding of a protein

denaturation usually results in

inactive enzyme

competitive inhibitors bind to

active site of an enzyme

competitive inhibitors may be structurally similar to

substrates

competitive inhibitors prevent substrate

binding

competitive inhibitors can be

temporary or permanent

noncompetitive inhibitors bind to

locations other than the active side

noncompetitive inhibitors bind to the _____ site

allosteric

noncompetitive inhibitors cause

conformational change that will not allow the substrate to bind

feedback inhibition

when a downstream product acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor

feedback inhibition: too much product

shuts down enzyme activity

oxidative phosphorylation

series of oxidation reduction reactions that result in the formation of ATP

oxidation

loss of electrons

reduction

gaining elections

eukaryotes: oxidation phosphorylation occurs in the

mitochondria

prokaryotes: oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the

cell membrane

glycolysis occurs in the

cell membrane

glycolysis = oxidation of glucose →

2 molecules of pyruvate (pyruciv acid)

glycolysis = limited ATP production

net 2

respiration is

oxidation of a substrate resulting in the reduction of inorganic molecules